Dynamic regulation and key roles of ribonucleic acid methylation.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) methylation is the most abundant modification in biological systems, accounting for 60% of all RNA modifications, and affects multiple aspects of RNA (including mRNAs, tRNAs, rRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs). Dysregulation of RNA methylation causes many developmental diseases through various mechanisms mediated by -methyladenosine (mA), 5-methylcytosine (mC), -methyladenosine (mA), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC), and pseudouridine (Ψ). The emerging tools of RNA methylation can be used as diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic markers.