Brainstem carbachol injections in the urethane anesthetized rat produce hippocampal theta rhythm and cortical desynchronization: a comparison of pedunculopontine tegmental versus nucleus pontis oralis injections.

Previous research has demonstrated that brainstem injections of acetylcholine agonists (e.g., carbachol) produced electrophysiological indicators of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in the cat.

Opiates as potential cofactors in progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS.

Because of the widely documented association of AIDS with opiate abuse, there is considerable interest in knowing whether opiates alter progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS. The main reason for this interest is that opiates and opiate-abuse have been shown to have broad influence on immune processes as well as in vitro expressions of HIV-1. This article reviews literature defining the connection between opiate use and AIDS.

Decreased dorsal raphe nucleus neuronal activity in adult chloral hydrate anesthetized rats following neonatal clomipramine treatment: implications for endogenous depression.

Although the biological cause of endogenous depression is unknown, one commonly held hypothesis proposes that depression results, in part, from decreased central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. Previous research found that clomipramine (CLI) treatment of neonatal rats produced, in adult rats, a variety of behavioral and physiological dysfunctions resembling those found in human endogenous depression. It was later reported that adult CLI-treated rats exhibited a decreased discharge of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) compared with control rats.

Maternal substance use: epidemiology, treatment outcome, and developmental effects: an annotated bibliography, 1995.

Understanding the effects of substance misuse by pregnant women and mothers of young children requires a knowledge of the epidemiology of women's drug and alcohol use and misuse, the treatment of pregnant and postpartum chemically dependent women, the impact of prenatal exposure on the offspring outcome and later development, and, finally, methodological issues related to these fields. This bibliography provides a list of recent and classic articles in these areas as well as information about the research in these areas.

Nadolol for lithium tremor in the presence of liver damage.

Lithium-induced tremor classically responds to treatment with propranolol. Since it is metabolized in the liver, propranolol may not be the drug of choice in those patients who have compromised liver function or who are recovering from prior liver diseases. Another nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker, nadolol, has no hepatic biotransformation.

Induction of interleukin-1 in various brain regions after peripheral and central injections of lipopolysaccharide.

The presence of bioactive interleukin-1 (IL-1) in various brain regions (cerebellum, cortex, brainstem, diencephalon or hippocampus) after either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intraventricular (i.

Detection of opiate-enhanced increases in DNA damage, HPRT mutants, and the mutation frequency in human HUT-78 cells.

In previous studies we have shown highly significant increases in chromosome damage and sister chromatid exchanges in heroin addicts, particularly when caffeine and metabolic inhibitors are added to the medium. Using human HUT-78 T-cell cultures, we now find direct in vitro evidence of opiate-induced or opiate-promoted mutagenesis via several assay systems. First, with microgel electrophoresis (MGE), we observed graded, dose-dependent, significant increases (P < .

The child and the chaplain in the mental health hospital: a clinical impression.

Describes some characteristics of certain learning disabilities in children and how a chaplain can provide effective pastoral care to the dysfunctional child. Notes through clinical vignettes how a chaplain can communicate God's love and faithfulness to children who suffer from attention deficits and hyperactivity disorders.

Decreased raphe unit activity in a rat model of endogenous depression.

One theory about the pathogenesis of endogenous depression is that decreased serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission is involved in producing the disorder. A key component of brain 5-HT neurotransmission is the discharge rate of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a major aggregation of 5-HT neurons. We tested the hypothesis that the discharge rate of 5-HT neurons in the DRN was decreased in a new animal (rat) model of human endogenous depression.

Enhanced responses of nucleus accumbens neurons in male rats to novel odors associated with sexually receptive females.

One group of male rats was trained to associate novel odors with three different environmental conditions: the presence of (i) a sexually receptive female (RF), (ii) an unreceptive female (UF) and (iii) no other rat (NO). A second group of males received no training. Single units in nucleus accumbens (NAC) were then recorded in anesthetized animals and their responsiveness to various odors was tested.

Effects of amphetamine and nomifensine on intracranial self-stimulation discrimination behavior in rats.

Rats implanted with electrodes in the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus were trained in a discrete trial procedure to make a differential response (right or left lever press) in the presence or absence of brain stimulation [intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)]. When animals reached a high level of accuracy (95% correct) in the discrimination task, testing was begun. In the first experiment, we compared the effects of saline and 0.

Some contrasting effects of surgical and "chemical" castration on the behavior of male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

In nonhuman primates, surgical castration reduces plasma testosterone levels and male sexual behavior, and testosterone replacement restores them. Chemical castration with compounds that lower plasma testosterone levels is used clinically in the treatment of certain forms of cancer and to reduce aberrant sexual behavior in male sex offenders. In the United States, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is the drug most used to help reduce serious sexual behavioral problems in men.

How the environment affects research on prenatal drug exposure: the laboratory and the community.

This has been a brief overview of some of the many ways in which the environment in which prenatal drug research is carried out affects the process of research and its outcome. In many ways, this chapter is a review of factors that many people know about but rarely discuss in public. Most scholarly articles present research in this area as though it is a smooth and orderly process not much troubled by environmental constraints.

Schedule-controlled brain self-stimulation: has it utility for behavioral pharmacology?

We review evidence that schedule-controlled intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) has properties in common with conventional reinforcements, such as food and water, but unlike the latter, animals will respond for ICSS for long periods of time at a near-constant rate. Schedule-controlled ICSS has proven to be more sensitive to drug-induced changes than has ICSS on a continuous reinforcement schedule, and it permits a more fine-grained analysis of the pattern of responding that results in the reinforcement. Evidence is accumulating that the schedule of ICSS itself leads to neurochemical changes in areas of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens, in which reward processes occur.

Effects of an alcohol diet on locomotor activity and the acquisition of brain self-stimulation in rats.

Male rats (n = 45), implanted with stimulating electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), were allocated to three groups equalized for body weights. One group was given an alcohol liquid diet (Lieber-DeCarli) diet as the sole source of food; a second group was given a control liquid diet in which carbohydrates were substituted for alcohol; and a third group was maintained on standard laboratory chow and water. After four weeks on these diets, all animals were tested during the fifth week of the diets for locomotor activity in five daily 15-min sessions, and their reactivity to handling was also measured.

Multilevel intervention for prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome and effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.

The deleterious effects of prenatal alcohol exposure have been the subject of numerous research studies since first recognized in the early 1970s. The results of these studies have indicated that the dose and patterning of maternal alcohol consumption, use of other drugs, as well as other social and environmental factors may mediate developmental outcomes in prenatally alcohol-exposed children. Although there are still many unanswered questions regarding etiology, there is a clearly identified need for effective prevention/intervention programs for alcohol-abusing women of childbearing age.

Enhanced assays detect increased chromosome damage and sister-chromatid exchanges in heroin addicts.

To refine previous studies of chromosome damage (CD) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in heroin addicts, we applied new methods developed in our laboratory to enhance detection of the cytogenetic effects of low-level radiation exposure in hospital workers. For CD analysis, we applied our thymidine-fluorodeoxyuridine-caffeine (TFC) enhancement procedure in which cells at setup receive 1 x 10(-7) M fluorodeoxyuridine to inhibit thymidylate synthetase and 4 X 10(-5) M thymidine to satisfy the induced requirement, and then in G2 receive 2.2 mM caffeine to modulate DNA repair.

Amphetamine affects the extinction of self-stimulation differently in prefrontal cortex and posterior hypothalamus of rats.

The effects of amphetamine on the extinction of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and on postextinction ICSS performance were examined in rats implanted with electrodes either in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or in the posterior hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area (PH-VTA). Lever-pressing for ICSS was allowed to stabilize in daily 15-minute sessions before each animal was exposed to 5 minutes of extinction (responding without reward). Animals were administered either 0.

Effects of the presence of a second male on pair-tests of captive cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): Role of dominance.

In social macaques, sexual, aggressive and social interactions between a male and female occur in a complex setting in which the presence of other members of the group may exert powerful, long-lasting effects. We have studied the effects of the presence of a second male, either immediately before or during pair tests, on the behavioral interactions of male cynomolgus monkeys with their female partners. Twenty-minute tests were conducted in a large room containing a small compartment that confined a second male.