Perceptions of homelessness: Is there variation across medical careers and specialties?

Introduction: Medical students, residents and faculty are all capable of holding biases towards stigmatised groups like people experiencing homelessness. This study sought to investigate how the level of training may influence perceptions of homelessness among medical students, residents and faculty. Additionally, we sought to understand how different specialities perceive people experiencing homelessness and whether this changes at various points in a career.

Improving Family-Centered Rounds With a Nursing Checklist in the Electronic Health Care Record.

Objective: Family-centered rounds (FCR) is the standard for pediatric communication, but community pediatric hospital medicine services may face barriers in implementation, including offering FCR to families with a language preference other than English (LOE) versus those with an English preference (EP). The goal of our quality improvement project was to increase FCR from 33% to 80% over 1 year.

Methods: Interventions included an FCR checklist integrated into the electronic healthcare record (EHR-FCR checklist), staff education, visual prompts, and interpreters.

Effect of COVID-19 on paediatric TB service delivery and patients' comfort receiving TB services in Cameroon and Kenya during COVID: a qualitative assessment.

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a setback to the gains achieved in tuberculosis (TB) control by impairing TB diagnosis, delaying treatment initiation and aggravating TB deaths. This study explored the effect of COVID-19 on paediatric TB services provided through the Catalysing Paediatric TB Innovations (CaP-TB) project among caregivers of children receiving TB services and healthcare workers (HCWs) providing TB services in Cameroon and Kenya.

Methods: From March to September 2021, in-depth interviews (44) were conducted with caregivers whose children under 5 years had gone through TB services and programme managers (10) overseeing the CaP-TB project.

Tracking Progress Toward Urban Nature Targets Using Landcover and Vegetation Indices: A Global Study for the 96 C40 Cities.

Access to urban natural space, including blue and greenspace, is associated with improved health. In 2021, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group set 2030 Urban Nature Declaration (UND) targets: "Quality Total Cover" (30% green area within each city) and "Equitable Spatial Distribution" (70% of the population living close to natural space). We evaluate progress toward these targets in the 96 C40 cities using globally available, high-resolution data sets for landcover and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).

Predictors of Atrial Arrhythmia in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in adults, has excellent long-term survival. However, many patients (30-45%) develop late arrhythmias. Previous studies have identified predictors of arrhythmia (atrial or ventricular) using clinical markers that predate arrhythmia onset by many years.

FIGO opinion paper: Drivers and solutions to the cesarean delivery epidemic with emphasis on the increasing rates in Africa and Southeastern Europe.

Cesarean delivery rates are rapidly increasing in Southeastern Europe (to more than 60%), North Africa (with a rate as high as 72% in Egypt), and in urban areas in Southern Africa (a rate of over 50% in Lagos, Nigeria). Data on the background to these increases are scarce, but likely to include poor birthing facilities in general hospitals, convenience for the doctor, private medicine, fear of litigation, socioeconomic status, shortage of midwives and nurses, and disappearance of vaginal instrumental deliveries. Options to reverse cesarean delivery trends are discussed.

FIGO good practice recommendations for cesarean delivery on maternal request: Challenges for medical staff and families.

Elective cesarean delivery on maternal request is a challenging topic of discussion for patients, their families, and clinicians. Efforts to reduce the rate of cesarean deliveries should include the proportion of cesarean deliveries at term that occur solely due to maternal request rather than a maternal or fetal indication. Additionally, clinicians should follow good clinical practice, which includes family counseling, discussions on the benefits and potential risks of elective cesarean delivery, timing of delivery, and ethical and legal considerations.

An equitable and sustainable community of practice framework to address the use of artificial intelligence for global health workforce training.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies and data science models may hold potential for enabling an understanding of global health inequities and support decision-making related toward possible interventions. However, AI inputs should not perpetuate the biases and structural issues within our global societies that have created various health inequities. We need AI to be able to 'see' the full context of what it is meant to learn.

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in three rural communes in Haiti: A cross-sectional study.

Vaccines are the most effective mechanism for ending the COVID-19 pandemic. However, reluctance to accept vaccines has hindered the efforts of health authorities to combat the virus. In Haiti, as of July 2021, less than 1% of the country's population has been fully vaccinated in part due to vaccine hesitancy.

Characterising performance information use in the primary healthcare systems of El Salvador, Lebanon and Malawi: multiple qualitative case study protocol.

Introduction: Governments in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and official development assistance agencies use a variety of performance measurement and management approaches to improve the performance of healthcare systems. The effectiveness of such approaches is contingent on the extent to which managers and care providers use performance information. To date, major knowledge gaps exist about the contextual factors that contribute, or not, to performance information use by primary healthcare (PHC) decision-makers in LMICs.

A non-traditional crystal-based compound screening method targeting the ATP binding site of GRP78 for identification of novel nucleoside analogues.

Drug resistance to front-line malarial treatments represents an ongoing threat to control malaria, a vector borne infectious disease. The malarial parasite, has developed genetic variants, conferring resistance to the current standard therapeutic artemisinin and its derivatives commonly referred to as artemisinin-combination therapies (ACTs). Emergence of multi-drug resistance parasite genotypes is a warning of potential treatment failure, reaffirming the urgent and critical need to find and validate alternate drug targets to prevent the spread of disease.

How political engineering can make health a bridge to peace: lessons from a Primary Health Care Project in Myanmar's border areas.

This case study analyses a health project that focused on peacebuilding in addition to service provision, and the impacts of this dual focus in contested territories of Southeast Myanmar. The Swiss-funded Primary Health Care Project provided equal funds to both 'sides' in a decades-long conflict, and brought people together in ways designed to build trust. The case study demonstrates that health can play a valuable role in peace formation, if relationships are engineered in a politically sensitive way, at the right time.

Peace and health: exploring the nexus in the Americas.

The relationship between peace and health is complex, multifactorial and fraught with challenges of definitions, measurements and outcomes. This exploratory commentary on this nexus within a focus on the Americas posits this challenge clearly and calls for more scholarship and empirical work on this issue from an interdisciplinary perspective. The overall goal of this paper is to try and explore the elements that impact the relationship between peace and health with a focus on the Americas (defined as countries spanning from Canada to Argentina) in the post-Cold war period.

Transitions in Frequent to Daily Tobacco and Nicotine Use among Youth and Young Adults.

To examine use and frequency patterns across e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and little cigars, cigarillos, and cigars (LCCs) over time. Data were obtained from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC), a nationally representative longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults. Latent class analysis was conducted to classify participants (n = 5274) into subgroups based upon frequency of use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and little cigars, cigarillos, and cigars (LCCs) in the past 30 days.

Trends in mental health indicators among nurses participating in healthy nurse, healthy nation from 2017 to 2021.

Background: American healthcare workers face unprecedented stress and trauma in the workplace during COVID-19, putting nurses at increased risk for poor mental health. Examining trends of mental health from before and during COVID-19 can illuminate the toll of the pandemic on nurses well-being.

Methods: Nurses enrolled in Healthy Nurse, Healthy Nation receive a prompt to take an annual survey (n = 24,289).

Brief report on IQOS point-of-sale marketing, promotion and pricing in IQOS retail partner stores in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Objectives: Philip Morris has a history of aggressive marketing tactics in its global pursuit of IQOS sales, which extant literature suggests may appeal to non-smokers and young adults. This study was the first to examine point-of-sale (POS) marketing and pricing of IQOS after it entered the US market in October 2019.

Methods: Trained field staff assessed 75 retail partner stores selling IQOS/HeatSticks in the Atlanta area in February-November 2020 using an IQOS-tailored, standardised assessment tool.

Behavioural intentions in response to a potential menthol cigarette sales ban: a survey examining smokers in Washington, DC public housing.

Objectives: Local, national and international policies are being proposed to ban the sale of menthol-flavoured tobacco products. With more bans being implemented, it is increasingly important to understand reactions to these bans among smokers of low socioeconomic status. This study examined public housing residents' behavioural intentions if menthol-flavoured cigarettes were no longer sold.

Relative increases in direct-to-consumer menthol ads following 2020 FDA guidance on flavoured e-cigarettes.

Objective: To examine potential changes in email and direct mail advertisements for flavoured e-cigarettes following the 2020 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) flavour guidance.

Methods: Digital copies of e-cigarette advertisements were obtained from Mintel Comperemedia (November 2019-May 2020) and coded for the presence of flavours. Χ tests were used to determine changes in the prevalence of email and direct mail advertisements for e-cigarettes with menthol, non-menthol and no flavours.