Blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier dysfunction means reduced CSF flow not barrier leakage - conclusions from CSF protein data.

Background: Increased concentrations of serum proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are interpreted as blood-CSF barrier dysfunction. Frequently used interpretations such as barrier leakage, disruption or breakdown contradict CSF protein data, which suggest a reduced CSF flow rate as the cause.

Results: Even the severest barrier dysfunctions do not change the molecular size-dependent selectivity or the interindividual variation of the protein transfer across barriers.

Application of the laser methane detector for measurements in freely grazing goats: impact on animals' behaviour and methane emissions.

The laser methane detector (LMD) has been increasingly used in the last decade to assess the methane (CH) concentration in the exhaled air of ruminants. The CH concentration was mostly measured indoors, where animals were either retained in a feed fence or manually by a person to facilitate the LMD measurements. By contrast, the use of the LMD for measurements under outdoor conditions has been limited to very few studies.

Effects of learning context on the acquisition and processing of emotional words in bilinguals.

Although bilinguals respond differently to emotionally valenced words in their first language (L1) relative to emotionally neutral words, similar effects of emotional valence are hard to come by in second language (L2) processing. We examine the extent to which these differences in first and second language processing are due to the context in which the 2 languages are acquired: L1 is typically acquired in more naturalistic settings (e.g.

Enantioselective syntheses of indanes: from organocatalysis to C-H functionalization.

The indanyl core is ubiquitous in a large variety of drugs and natural products. Importantly, the ever-increasing demand for chiral catalysts bearing this scaffold calls for state of the art methods allowing for a step-economical enantioselective access to this structural motif. We herein summarize the asymmetric syntheses of indanes with a particular focus on asymmetric catalysis, covering the literature of the last decade until July 2015.

No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.

The goal of consciousness research is to reveal the neural basis of phenomenal experience. To study phenomenology, experimenters seem obliged to ask reports from the subjects to ascertain what they experience. However, we argue that the requirement of reports has biased the search for the neural correlates of consciousness over the past decades.

Surgical staging and prognosis in serous borderline ovarian tumours (BOT): a subanalysis of the AGO ROBOT study.

Background: Incomplete surgical staging is a negative prognostic factor for patients with borderline ovarian tumours (BOT). However, little is known about the prognostic impact of each individual staging procedure.

Methods: Clinical parameters of 950 patients with BOT (confirmed by central reference pathology) treated between 1998 and 2008 at 24 German AGO centres were analysed.

Souffle/Spastizin controls secretory vesicle maturation during zebrafish oogenesis.

During oogenesis, the egg prepares for fertilization and early embryogenesis. As a consequence, vesicle transport is very active during vitellogenesis, and oocytes are an outstanding system to study regulators of membrane trafficking. Here, we combine zebrafish genetics and the oocyte model to identify the molecular lesion underlying the zebrafish souffle (suf) mutation.

SU-E-T-502: Dose Perturbation Effects Near Implant Surfaces Caused by Secondary Electron Transport in Photon-Beam Therapy.

Purpose: To investigate the dose perturbation effects at interfaces between water and a Titanium implant, attributable to secondary electron transport across the interface, during high energy photon radiotherapy. While dose enhancement is characteristic for the proximal interface of a high-atomic number implant, the dose perturbation at the distal interface varies from reduction to enhancement, requiring proper computation of secondary electron transport effects. The backward and forward perturbation factors pb and pf will be calculated.

SU-E-T-126: Non-Reference Condition Correction Factor KNR of Typical Radiation Detectors for the Dosimetry of High-Energy Photons.

Purpose: To correct for the deviations of the detector response when typical radiation detectors are used under non-reference conditions, factor kNR was calculated from the known energy dependence of the detector response at photon energies from 10 keV upwards and from clinical photon spectra within a large water phantom beneath a Siemens Primus 6/15 MV linac. A Farmer type ion chamber (NE2571), two TLD detector types and two diodes were investigated.

Methods: Factor kNR was obtained as the ratio of the weighted responses Yt of a given detector t under reference conditions xref (axial distance r = 0 cm, depth d = 10 cm, field size 10 × 10 cm and SSD = 100 cm) and that under non-reference conditions × (off-axis points and depths for various field sizes); kNR = Yt(xref)/Yt(x).

Age diagnosis based on incremental lines in dental cementum: a critical reflection.

Age estimation based on the counting of incremental lines in dental cementum is a method frequently used for the estimation of the age at death for humans in bioarchaeology, and increasingly, forensic anthropology. Assessment of applicability, precision, and method reproducibility continue to be the focus of research in this area, and are occasionally accompanied by significant controversy. Differences in methodological techniques for data collection (e.

Arabidopsis thaliana class-II TGA transcription factors are essential activators of jasmonic acid/ethylene-induced defense responses.

The three closely related Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors TGA2, TGA5 and TGA6 are required for the establishment of the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent plant defense response systemic acquired resistance, which is effective against biotrophic pathogens. Here we show that the same transcription factors are essential for the activation of jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent defense mechanisms that counteract necrotrophic pathogens: the tga256 triple mutant is impaired in JA/ET-induced PDF1.2 and b-CHI expression, which correlates with a higher susceptibility against the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea.

TiCl4-catalyzed indirect anti-Markovnikov hydration of alkynes: application to the synthesis of benzo[b]furans.

An efficient methodology for the indirect anti-Markovnikov hydration of unsymmetrically substituted terminal and internal alkynes is based on TiCl4-catalyzed hydroamination reactions. Its application to ortho-alkynylhaloarenes, followed by a copper-catalyzed O-arylation, provides flexible access to substituted benzo[b]furans.

Negative inotropy of the gastric proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole in myocardium from humans and rabbits: evaluation of mechanisms.

Background: Proton pump inhibitors are used extensively for acid-related gastrointestinal diseases. Their effect on cardiac contractility has not been assessed directly.

Methods And Results: Under physiological conditions (37 degrees C, pH 7.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the tobacco PR-1a- and the truncated CaMV 35S promoter reveals differences in salicylic acid-dependent TGA factor binding and histone acetylation.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant signalling molecule needed for the induction of defence responses upon attack by a variety of pathogens. Truncation of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter down to 90 bp has identified activation sequence-1 (as-1) as an autonomous SA-responsive cis element. The as-1-like elements are found in a number of SA-inducible promoters like e.

Mitochondrial medicine: neuroprotection and life extension by the new amphiphilic nitrone LPBNAH acting as a highly potent antioxidant agent.

The search for effective treatments that prevent oxidative stress associated with premature ageing and neurodegenerative diseases is an important area of neurochemical research. As age- and disease-related oxidative stress is frequently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, amphiphilic antioxidant agents of high stability and selectivity that target these organelles can provide on-site protection. Such an amphiphilic nitrone protected human neuroblastoma cells at low micromolar concentrations against oxidative damage and death induced by exposure to the beta-amyloid peptide, hydrogen peroxide and 3-hydroxykynurenine.

Interaction of NIMIN1 with NPR1 modulates PR gene expression in Arabidopsis.

The Arabidopsis thaliana NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1 (NPR1, also known as NIM1) protein is an essential positive regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-induced PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) gene expression and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). PR gene activity is regulated at the level of redox-dependent nuclear transport of NPR1. NPR1 interacts with members of the TGA family of transcription factors that are known to bind to SA-responsive elements in the PR-1 promoter.

Gene transfer into human T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by Ad5/F35 chimeric adenoviral vectors.

Objective: Genetic modification of effector lymphocytes, such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, is essential for many approaches to gene-based immunotherapy of cancer. However, transduction of lymphocytes has proven difficult by currently available gene transfer methods. Previous studies have shown that chimeric fiber-modified Ad5/F35 adenoviral vectors are able to efficiently transduce hematopoietic cells including immature progenitors.

Acute pulmonary edema caused by epoprostenol infusion in a child with scimitar syndrome and pulmonary hypertension.

Introduction: Intravenous epoprostenol is frequently administered in adults and children for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Although generally safe, pulmonary edema has been described in a few case reports of adult patients with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.

Case Report: We present an infant who had an operation for scimitar syndrome and abnormal drainage of the right pulmonary veins into the inferior vena cava who developed pulmonary edema while receiving a prostacyclin infusion.

Modified pentamer formation assay for measurement of tacrolimus and its active metabolites: comparison with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and microparticle enzyme-linked immunoassay (MEIA-II).

A modified pentamer formation assay (PFA) for quantification of tacrolimus and active metabolites after extraction from whole blood is described. The lower limit of detection was 2 microg/L. Intraassay precision (CV) was 5.

Electrocardiograph-triggered two-dimensional time-of-flight versus optimized contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of the peripheral arteries.

We determined whether the accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the peripheral run-off vessels can be improved by using contrast-enhanced (CE) three-dimensional (3D) technique in comparison to electrocardiograph (ECG)-triggered two-dimensional (2D) time-of-flight (TOF) technique. In a prospective study 20 patients with occlusions of the pelvic and/or femoral arteries underwent a CE 3D MRA (repetition time (TR): 5 ms, (TE) echo time: 2 ms, flip angle (FA): 30 degrees ) and an ECG-triggered 2D time-of-flight (TOF) technique (TR: 408 resp. 608 ms, TE: 7 ms, FA: 70 degrees) of the run-off vessels on a 1.

Clinical outcome and economic impact of aminoglycoside peak concentrations in febrile immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and economic significance of aminoglycoside peak concentrations in febrile neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Sixty-one patients were treated according to protocol II of the Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft: initial application of gentamicin or tobramycin in combination with a cephalosporin or ureidopenicillin and, after 3 days, a potential change of antibiosis to be decided in case of nonresponse. At the same time, samples were collected by an independent controller.