Blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier dysfunction means reduced CSF flow not barrier leakage - conclusions from CSF protein data.

Background: Increased concentrations of serum proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are interpreted as blood-CSF barrier dysfunction. Frequently used interpretations such as barrier leakage, disruption or breakdown contradict CSF protein data, which suggest a reduced CSF flow rate as the cause.

Results: Even the severest barrier dysfunctions do not change the molecular size-dependent selectivity or the interindividual variation of the protein transfer across barriers.

Application of the laser methane detector for measurements in freely grazing goats: impact on animals' behaviour and methane emissions.

The laser methane detector (LMD) has been increasingly used in the last decade to assess the methane (CH) concentration in the exhaled air of ruminants. The CH concentration was mostly measured indoors, where animals were either retained in a feed fence or manually by a person to facilitate the LMD measurements. By contrast, the use of the LMD for measurements under outdoor conditions has been limited to very few studies.

Late-stage C(sp)-H and C(sp)-H glycosylation of -aryl/alkyl glycopeptides: mechanistic insights and fluorescence labeling.

C(sp)-H and C(sp)-H glycosylations of structurally complex amino acids and peptides were accomplished through the assistance of triazole peptide-isosteres. The palladium-catalyzed peptide-saccharide conjugation provided modular access to structurally complex -alkyl glycoamino acids, glycopeptides and -aryl glycosides, while enabling the assembly of fluorescent-labeled glycoamino acids. The C-H activation approach represents an expedient and efficient strategy for peptide late-stage diversification in a programmable as well as chemo-, regio-, and diastereo-selective fashion.

Monoclinic sphere packings. III. Trivariant lattice complexes of P2/c and P2/c.

All homogeneous sphere packings were derived that refer to the trivariant lattice complexes of monoclinic space-group types P2/c and P2/c. In total, sphere packings of 55 types have been found. The maximal inherent symmetry is monoclinic for 17 types while the other types comprise at least one sphere packing with cubic (four cases), hexagonal (six cases), tetragonal (eight cases) or orthorhombic (20 cases) symmetry.

Efficacy of Ranolazine in Patients With Symptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The RESTYLE-HCM Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Background: The late sodium current inhibitor ranolazine reverses the main electrophysiological and mechanical abnormalities of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) cardiomyocytes in vitro, suggesting potential clinical benefit. We aimed to assess the effect of ranolazine on functional capacity, symptomatic status, diastolic function, and arrhythmias in HCM.

Methods And Results: In this multicenter, double-blind, phase 2 study, 80 adult patients with nonobstructive HCM (age 53±14 years, 34 women) were randomly assigned to placebo (n=40) or ranolazine 1000 mg bid (n=40) for 5 months.

Effect of chronic opioid therapy on actual driving performance in non-cancer pain patients.

Rationale: Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is a major health problem. Patients are increasingly treated with chronic opioid therapy (COT). Several laboratory studies have demonstrated that long-term use of opioids does not generally impair driving related skills.

Effects of learning context on the acquisition and processing of emotional words in bilinguals.

Although bilinguals respond differently to emotionally valenced words in their first language (L1) relative to emotionally neutral words, similar effects of emotional valence are hard to come by in second language (L2) processing. We examine the extent to which these differences in first and second language processing are due to the context in which the 2 languages are acquired: L1 is typically acquired in more naturalistic settings (e.g.

Enantioselective syntheses of indanes: from organocatalysis to C-H functionalization.

The indanyl core is ubiquitous in a large variety of drugs and natural products. Importantly, the ever-increasing demand for chiral catalysts bearing this scaffold calls for state of the art methods allowing for a step-economical enantioselective access to this structural motif. We herein summarize the asymmetric syntheses of indanes with a particular focus on asymmetric catalysis, covering the literature of the last decade until July 2015.

No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.

The goal of consciousness research is to reveal the neural basis of phenomenal experience. To study phenomenology, experimenters seem obliged to ask reports from the subjects to ascertain what they experience. However, we argue that the requirement of reports has biased the search for the neural correlates of consciousness over the past decades.

Selenium-Catalyzed C(sp3)-H Acyloxylation: Application in the Expedient Synthesis of Isobenzofuranones.

Oxidative Se-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond acyloxylation has been used to construct a diverse array of isobenzofuranones from simple ortho-allyl benzoic acid derivatives. The synthetic procedure employs mild reaction conditions and gives high chemoselectivity enabled by an inexpensive organodiselane catalyst. The presented approach offers a new synthetic pathway toward the core structures of phthalide natural products.

Surgical staging and prognosis in serous borderline ovarian tumours (BOT): a subanalysis of the AGO ROBOT study.

Background: Incomplete surgical staging is a negative prognostic factor for patients with borderline ovarian tumours (BOT). However, little is known about the prognostic impact of each individual staging procedure.

Methods: Clinical parameters of 950 patients with BOT (confirmed by central reference pathology) treated between 1998 and 2008 at 24 German AGO centres were analysed.

Souffle/Spastizin controls secretory vesicle maturation during zebrafish oogenesis.

During oogenesis, the egg prepares for fertilization and early embryogenesis. As a consequence, vesicle transport is very active during vitellogenesis, and oocytes are an outstanding system to study regulators of membrane trafficking. Here, we combine zebrafish genetics and the oocyte model to identify the molecular lesion underlying the zebrafish souffle (suf) mutation.

Versatile ruthenium(II)-catalyzed C-H cyanations of benzamides.

Direct cyanations of arenes and heteroarenes bearing only weakly coordinating amides were accomplished using a robust ruthenium(II) catalyst. The user-friendly C(sp(2))-H activation occurred with the assistance of carboxylate with high site-selectivity, excellent functional group tolerance and ample scope.

Ruthenium-catalyzed ortho-C-H halogenations of benzamides.

[Ru3(CO)12] and AgO2C(1-Ad) enabled the first ruthenium-catalyzed intermolecular halogenations of arenes via C-H activation. Thereby, brominations and iodinations of electron-rich and electron-deficient benzamides were achieved in a highly selective fashion.

C-H nitrogenation and oxygenation by ruthenium catalysis.

Remarkable recent progress has been accomplished in direct C-H functionalizations for the formation of C-N and C-O bonds through the use of readily accessible ruthenium catalysts. Particularly, ruthenium(II) complexes allowed for challenging direct C(sp(2))-H hydroxylation of arenes. These catalysts set the stage for step-economical C-H functionalization with electron-rich as well as electron-deficient (hetero)arenes and, therefore, provided versatile access to diversely decorated phenols.

Nickel-catalyzed alkyne annulation by anilines: versatile indole synthesis by C-H/N-H functionalization.

Versatile nickel catalysts enabled the step-economical synthesis of decorated indoles through alkyne annulations with anilines bearing removable directing groups. The C-H/N-H activation strategy efficiently occurred in the absence of any metal oxidants and with excellent selectivities.

Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative C-H alkenylation of aryl carbamates.

A cationic ruthenium(II) catalyst enabled highly efficient oxidative alkenylations of electron-rich arenes bearing removable, weakly coordinating carbamates, and allowed for cross-dehydrogenative C-H bond functionalization in an aerobic manner.

SU-E-T-502: Dose Perturbation Effects Near Implant Surfaces Caused by Secondary Electron Transport in Photon-Beam Therapy.

Purpose: To investigate the dose perturbation effects at interfaces between water and a Titanium implant, attributable to secondary electron transport across the interface, during high energy photon radiotherapy. While dose enhancement is characteristic for the proximal interface of a high-atomic number implant, the dose perturbation at the distal interface varies from reduction to enhancement, requiring proper computation of secondary electron transport effects. The backward and forward perturbation factors pb and pf will be calculated.

SU-E-T-126: Non-Reference Condition Correction Factor KNR of Typical Radiation Detectors for the Dosimetry of High-Energy Photons.

Purpose: To correct for the deviations of the detector response when typical radiation detectors are used under non-reference conditions, factor kNR was calculated from the known energy dependence of the detector response at photon energies from 10 keV upwards and from clinical photon spectra within a large water phantom beneath a Siemens Primus 6/15 MV linac. A Farmer type ion chamber (NE2571), two TLD detector types and two diodes were investigated.

Methods: Factor kNR was obtained as the ratio of the weighted responses Yt of a given detector t under reference conditions xref (axial distance r = 0 cm, depth d = 10 cm, field size 10 × 10 cm and SSD = 100 cm) and that under non-reference conditions × (off-axis points and depths for various field sizes); kNR = Yt(xref)/Yt(x).

Age diagnosis based on incremental lines in dental cementum: a critical reflection.

Age estimation based on the counting of incremental lines in dental cementum is a method frequently used for the estimation of the age at death for humans in bioarchaeology, and increasingly, forensic anthropology. Assessment of applicability, precision, and method reproducibility continue to be the focus of research in this area, and are occasionally accompanied by significant controversy. Differences in methodological techniques for data collection (e.

Direct arylations of electron-deficient (hetero)arenes with aryl or alkenyl tosylates and mesylates.

A palladium catalyst derived from the ligand X-Phos enabled generally applicable direct arylations of electron-deficient heteroarenes and arenes with aryl and alkenyl tosylates or mesylates.

Functional relevance of the IRF-1 promoter polymorphism rs2549009 on transcriptional activity in a native genomic environment.

Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), a transcription regulator involved both in inducing and in mediating the effects of interferon, is encoded by a highly polymorphic gene in different ethnic populations. Some of these genetic variations have been described to be associated to disease traits in hepatitis C virus and in human immunodeficiency virus infection, including one single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2549009 within the promoter region. This study aimed at investigating the functional relevance of rs2549009 on IRF-1 transcriptional activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in its natural genomic environment.

Air-stable secondary phosphine oxide or chloride (Pre)ligands for cross-couplings of unactivated alkyl chlorides.

In situ generated and crystallographically well-defined, isolated palladium complexes derived from seven novel air-stable secondary phosphine oxides or chlorides enabled challenging Kumada-Corriu cross-couplings of unactivated alkyl chlorides bearing beta-hydrogens and proved applicable to transformations of alkyl-substituted organometallics.