Awareness and driving safety during awake interictal epileptiform discharges in idiopathic generalised epilepsies: A systematic review.

Idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs) are a family of epileptic syndromes that commonly occur in childhood or adolescence and can persist into adulthood. Whilst people with IGE may consider themselves seizure free, they often experience interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) that may be associated with unrecognised periods of impaired awareness. As such, the presence of long IEDs associated with unrecognised loss of awareness pose a major challenge in allowing these individuals to drive safely, particularly since not all IEDs are associated with impaired awareness.

Girdin deficiency causes developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with hippocampal sclerosis and interneuronopathy.

Objective: Loss-of-function mutations in the GIRDIN/CCDC88A gene cause developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) in humans. However, its pathogenesis is largely unknown. Global knockout mice of the corresponding orthologous gene (gKOs) have a preweaning lethal phenotype with growth failure, preventing longitudinal analysis.

Discovering EEG biomarkers of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome through unsupervised time-frequency analysis.

Objective: The discovery and validation of electroencephalography (EEG) biomarkers often rely on visual identification of waveforms. However, bias toward visually striking events restricts the search space for new biomarkers, and low interrater reliability can limit rigorous validation. We present a data-driven approach to biomarker discovery called scalp EEG Pattern Identification and Categorization (s-EPIC), which enables automated, unsupervised identification of EEG waveforms.

Assessing the Need for Repeat EEG in Pediatric Patients with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy After Anti-Seizure Medication Withdrawal Following Seizure Freedom.

Background: Most patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy have good seizure control on antiseizure medications. Although idiopathic generalized epilepsy subtypes such as juvenile absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have a high risk of relapse, childhood absence epilepsy may have seizure remission. After 2 years of seizure freedom in childhood absence epilepsy, typically antiseizure medications are discontinued, but follow-up protocols are unclear.

Exploring ketogenic diet resistance in glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome: A comprehensive review and critical appraisal.

Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS) commonly presents with early-onset epilepsy that often resists conventional pharmacological treatment. Ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) is the preferred approach to address the underlying metabolic anomaly. However, a subset of GLUT1DS patients presents resistance to KDT, with the causes remaining elusive.

The appearance of scalp high-frequency oscillations is associated with poor seizure control in pediatric epilepsy patients.

Objective: Epilepsy treatment with anti-seizure medications (ASMs) is based on careful assessment of the balance between the likelihood of further seizures and the risk of side effects of treatment. However, there is currently no established biomarker to ascertain seizure control status with ASMs. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs), transient bursts of EEG activity with frequencies beyond 80 Hz, are a new and promising noninvasive epilepsy biomarker.

[What is the assessment of the etiology of the epilepsy?].

WHAT IS THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ETIOLOGY OF THE EPILEPSY? The etiologic assessment carried out in the case of an epilepsy aims to identify the epilepsy syndrome, look for secondary epilepsy, and estimate the risk of seizure recurrence. These different elements are crucial for the therapeutic decision, and for assessing the indication for an antiepileptic treatment. The two key examinations of this assessment are brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG).

Diagnostic value of EEG after a first unprovoked seizure in adults - A population-based study.

Objective: Electroencephalography (EEG) is a standard investigation after a first unprovoked seizure but the diagnostic value in adults remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate the diagnostic value of EEG after a first unprovoked seizure in a population-based cohort in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Methods: This retrospective population-based study included adult patients referred by a neurologist for EEG after a first unprovoked seizure from August 2016 - December 2019 in the greater Gothenburg catchment area.

New onset seizures in Octogenarians.

Purpose: The occurrence of new seizure(s) in older adults is two- to three-fold higher as compared to the younger population, and previous studies have characterized the clinical features of seizures in patients beyond 60 or 65 years. This study, in response to the recent ILAE task force on epilepsy in the elderly (2023), has assessed the clinical characteristics of individuals who are over 85 years old.

Methods: Data was collected from prospectively maintained electronic medical records, and the participants were divided into seizure-free and seizure-recurrence groups, and their clinical characteristics were compared.

Enhancing Epilepsy Seizure Detection Through Advanced EEG Preprocessing Techniques and Peak-to-Peak Amplitude Fluctuation Analysis.

Naturally, there are several challenges, such as muscular artifacts, ocular movements and electrical interferences that depend on precise diagnosis and classification, which hamper exact epileptic seizure detection. This study has been conducted to improve seizure detection accuracy in epilepsy patients using an advanced preprocessing technique that could remove such noxious artifacts. In the frame of this paper, the core tool in the area of epilepsy, EEG, will be applied to record and analyze the electrical patterns of the brain.

Repetitive muscle silent periods in acute post-anoxic brain injury: A novel phenotype of negative myoclonus.

Objective: To report a novel phenotype of negative myoclonus in acute post-anoxic brain injury (PABI).

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 18-channel video-EEG and surface-EMG (sEMG) recordings of three patients with PABI. sEMG electrodes were placed on the neck, bulbar and arm muscles.

Efficacy and tolerability of celastrol and edaravone in the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms.

Objective: To test whether anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs that inhibit the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), celastrol and edaravone, suppress spasms and improve developmental outcomes in the multiple-hit rat model of refractory infantile spasms (IS) due to structural lesions.

Methods: Postnatal day 3 (PN3) Sprague-Dawley rats were treated according to the multiple-hit IS model protocol. Using a randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled, dose- and time-response study design, we tested the effects of single celastrol [1, 2, or 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.

Resting state EEG microstate profiling and a machine-learning based classifier model in epilepsy.

Unlabelled: Electroencephalography-based (EEG) microstate analysis is a promising and widely studied method in which spontaneous cerebral activity is segmented into sub second level quasi-stable states and analyzed. Currently it is being widely explored due to increasing evidence of the association of microstates with cognitive functioning and large-scale brain networks identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our study using the four archetypal microstates (A, B, C and D), we investigated the changes in resting state EEG microstate dynamics in persons with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) compared to healthy controls (HC).

Late-onset drug-resistant epilepsy in pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase deficiency: a case report.

Background: Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase deficiency is a rare inborn error of vitamin B metabolism that presents with drug-resistant epileptic seizures. However, the condition is responsive to supplementation with the active vitamin B metabolite pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and, in some cases, pyridoxine.

Case Presentation: In this case report, a 10-year-old Iranian male of Fars ethnicity came to a regional hospital in Tehran, Iran with a chief complaint of tic-like movement.

Cannabidiol Treatment for Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsies: A Real-World Study in a Tertiary Center.

Background And Purpose: Around 30% of patients with epilepsy show drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). While cannabidiol has demonstrated efficacy as an adjunctive treatment in Dravet syndrome (DS), Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS), and epilepsy related to tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), its more global effectiveness in adult patients with DRE apart from these three specific contexts needs to be clarified.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study at the epilepsy unit of Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital.

Multimodal Assessment of the Origin of Myoclonus in Lance-Adams Syndrome.

Background And Objectives: Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS), or chronic posthypoxic myoclonus, is a long-term disabling neurologic disorder occurring in survivors of anoxia. The cortical or subcortical origin of this myoclonus is unclear. We aimed to identify the neuroanatomical origin of myoclonus in LAS.

Clinical Features and Electroencephalogram Analysis of Brain Network Functional Connectivity in Anti-Leucine-Rich Glioma-Inactivated 1 Antibody Encephalitis.

Purpose: To summarize the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody encephalitis (anti-LGI1 antibody encephalitis) and explore the electroencephalogram (EEG) features.

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical history of 16 patients diagnosed with anti-LGI1 antibody encephalitis at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 2021 to 2023. EEGs of patients with anti-LGI1 antibody encephalitis and healthy individuals were analyzed.

Utility of CT perfusion in seizures and rhythmic and periodic patterns.

Objective: CT hyper-perfusion has been reported in non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), while its occurrence and relevance after single seizures or with rhythmic and periodic patterns (RPPs) that lie along the ictal-interictal continuum (IIC), remain unclear. The goal of the study is to assess the role of CT perfusion (CTP) in diagnosing patients with clinical seizures, subclinical seizures, or RPPs that lie along the IIC, to help in the clinical assessment of these entities.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed inpatients who underwent a CTP and an EEG within 6 h of each other.

Anxious/depressed individuals exhibit disrupted frontotemporal synchrony during cognitive conflict encoding.

Anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with cognitive control deficits, yet their underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we used high-resolution stereotactic EEG (sEEG) to determine how anxiety and/or depression modulates neural and behavioral responses when cognitive control is engaged in individuals with medically refractory epilepsy undergoing sEEG monitoring for surgical evaluation. We analyzed sEEG data recorded from frontotemporal regions of 29 participants (age range: 19-55, mean age: 35.

Recurrent Falls as the Only Clinical Sign of Cortical-Subcortical Myoclonus: A Case Report.

Some authors use the term cortical-subcortical myoclonus to identify a specific type of myoclonus, which differs from classical cortical myoclonus in that the abnormal neuronal activity spreads between the cortical and subcortical circuits, producing diffuse excitation. The EEG shows generalized spike-and-wave discharges that correlate with the myoclonic jerks. We report the case of a 79-year-old patient with a history of right thalamic deep hemorrhagic stroke, with favorable evolution.

Tonic and tonic-clonic seizures in the first year of life: Insights from electrographic features.

Objective: We studied the electrographic features of tonic seizures (TS) with bilateral contraction and tonic-clonic seizures (TCS) without focal signs occurring during the first year of life to evaluate if there is a correlation with outcome.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients aged 1 to 12 months with at least one TS or TCS recorded with video-EEG between 2011 and 2021 in our Epilepsy Monitoring Unit. We analyzed the following electrographic features: seizure duration, presence and duration of focal ictal EEG onset, and post-ictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES).

Preoperative interhemispheric coherence as a potential predictive marker for seizure outcome after total corpus callosotomy in nonlesional generalized epilepsy: a scalp EEG study.

Objective: Corpus callosotomy (CC) is one of the palliative epilepsy surgical procedures available for nonlesional generalized epilepsy, but it is more invasive than other palliative surgical procedures. The main challenge is proper selection of suitable patients for CC. Coherence analysis is a method for evaluating brain connectivity, but the correlation between preoperative coherence and surgical outcomes has not previously been clarified.