Phlebography: why it is important to study radiological imaging of spermatic veins.

Objectives: We delineate the role of phlebography which is a standard procedure during antegrade and retrograde sclerotherapy of idiopathic varicoceles.

Material And Methods: Based on our experience with antegrade sclerotherapy in 5,254 adults and adolescents we present typical phlebographies of the internal spermatic vein and radiological images after irregular cannulation of different arteries and veins on the scrotal floor. The sequalae of misinjections and paravascular application of the sclerosing agent polidocanol are discussed.