A Review of Photon-Counting Computed Tomography (PCCT) in the Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an innovative mechanism used for imaging and provides higher spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in comparison with the orthodox energy-integrating detectors (EIDs). Unlike EID-based CT systems, which indirectly convert X-ray photons to electrical signals, PCCT directly counts and quantifies each photon's energy, enhancing image quality and material separation. With all of these features, PCCT is especially useful for cardiovascular imaging, where it is essential to precisely observe cardiac tissues, vascular structures, and coronary arteries.

Circular Bioeconomy in Action: Transforming Food Wastes into Renewable Food Resources.

The growing challenge of food waste management presents a critical opportunity for advancing the circular bioeconomy, aiming to transform waste into valuable resources. This paper explores innovative strategies for converting food wastes into renewable food resources, emphasizing the integration of sustainable technologies and zero-waste principles. The main objective is to demonstrate how these approaches can contribute to a more sustainable food system by reducing environmental impacts and enhancing resource efficiency.

Intramolecular C-H Oxidation in Iron(V)-oxo-carboxylato Species Relevant in the γ-Lactonization of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids.

High-valent oxoiron species have been invoked as oxidizing agents in a variety of iron-dependent oxygenases. Taking inspiration from nature, selected nonheme iron complexes have been developed as catalysts to elicit C-H oxidation through the mediation of putative oxoiron(V) species, akin to those proposed for Rieske oxygenases. The addition of carboxylic acids in these iron-catalyzed C-H oxidations has proved highly beneficial in terms of product yields and selectivities, suggesting the direct involvement of iron(V)-oxo-carboxylato species.

Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion technique as a rapid sample preparation method for the estimation of selenium in pharmaceutical dosage forms by ICP-OES.

Selenium is a class 2B element according to the International Council for Harmonization Q3D guidelines. Selenium sulfide is an anti-infective agent with antifungal and antibacterial properties used to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. The literature survey revealed that most of the analytical techniques to estimate selenium were time-consuming and/or required high skill levels.

Hybrid healthcare unit recommendation system using computational techniques with lung cancer segmentation.

Introduction: Our research addresses the critical need for accurate segmentation in medical healthcare applications, particularly in lung nodule detection using Computed Tomography (CT). Our investigation focuses on determining the particle composition of lung nodules, a vital aspect of diagnosis and treatment planning.

Methods: Our model was trained and evaluated using several deep learning classifiers on the LUNA-16 dataset, achieving superior performance in terms of the Probabilistic Rand Index (PRI), Variation of Information (VOI), Region of Interest (ROI), Dice Coecient, and Global Consistency Error (GCE).

Particulate Matter and Its Impact on Macrophages: Unraveling the Cellular Response for Environmental Health.

Particulate matter (PM) imposes a significant impact to environmental health with deleterious effects on the human pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Macrophages (Mφ), key immune cells in lung tissues, have a prominent role in responding to inhaled cells, accommodating inflammation, and influencing tissue repair processes. Elucidating the critical cellular responses of Mφ to PM exposure is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying PM-induced health effects.

Neuroplasticity: Pathophysiology and Role in Major Depressive Disorder.

Neuroplasticity is characterized by the brain's ability to change its activity in response to extrinsic and intrinsic factors and is thought to be the mechanism behind all brain functions. Neuroplasticity causes structural and functional changes on a molecular level, specifically the growth of different regions in the brain and changes in synaptic and post-synaptic activities. The four types of neuroplasticity are homologous area adaption, compensatory masquerade, cross-modal reassignment, and map expansion.

Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) rs1800629 Polymorphism in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive loss of kidney function. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine implicated in inflammatory processes, including those affecting the kidneys. Although this association is not yet comprehensible, a tie-up between renal disease and markers of inflammation - interleukin-6 (IL-6), preceded by TNF-α - is eminent.

The C. elegans Myc-family of transcription factors coordinate a dynamic adaptive response to dietary restriction.

Dietary restriction (DR), the process of decreasing overall food consumption over an extended period of time, has been shown to increase longevity across evolutionarily diverse species and delay the onset of age-associated diseases in humans. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Myc-family transcription factors (TFs) MXL-2 (Mlx) and MML-1 (MondoA/ChREBP), which function as obligate heterodimers, and PHA-4 (orthologous to FOXA) are both necessary for the full physiological benefits of DR. However, the adaptive transcriptional response to DR and the role of MML-1::MXL-2 and PHA-4 remains elusive.

Halide mediated modulation of magnetic interaction and anisotropy in dimeric Co(II) complexes.

The burgeoning interest in the field of molecular magnetism is to perceive the high magnetic anisotropy in different geometries of metal complexes and hence to draw a magneto-structural correlation. Despite a handful of examples to exemplify the magnetic anisotropy in various coordination geometries of mononuclear complexes, the magnetic anisotropies for two different coordination geometries are underexplored. Employing an appropriate synthetic strategy utilizing the ligand LH [2,2'-{(1,1')-pyridine2,6-diyl-bis(methaneylylidine)}-bis(azaneylylidine)diphenol] and cobalt halide salts in a 1 : 2 stoichiometric ratio in the presence of triethylamine allowed us to report a new family of dinuclear cobalt complexes [CoII2X(L)(P)(Q)]·S with varying terminal halides [X = Cl, P = CHCN, Q = HO, S = HO (1), X = Br, P = CHCN, Q = HO, S = HO (2), X = I, P = CHCN, and Q = CHCN (3)].

Recovery of green phenolic compounds from lignin-based source: Role of ferulic acid esterase towards waste valorization and bioeconomic perspectives.

The production of chemicals/products so far relies on fossil-based resources with the creation of several environmental problems at the global level. In this situation, a sustainable and circular economy model is necessitated to mitigate global environmental issues. Production of biowaste from various processing industries also creates environmental issues which would be valorized for the production of industrially important reactive and bioactive compounds.

Rational design and investigation of nonlinear optical response properties of pyrrolopyrrole aza-BODIPY-based novel push-pull chromophores.

Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based chromophores are highly sought after for designing near-infrared (NIR) absorbing and emitting dyes as well as for designing materials for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. The properties of these 'push-pull' molecules can easily be modified by varying the electronic donor (D) and acceptor (A) groups as well as the π-conjugation linker. This study presents a methodical approach and employs quantum chemical analysis to explore the relationship between the structural features, electro-optical properties, and the NLO characteristics of molecules with D-π-A framework.

Being heterogeneous is disadvantageous: Brownian non-Gaussian searches.

Diffusing diffusivity models, polymers in the grand canonical ensemble and polydisperse, and continuous-time random walks all exhibit stages of non-Gaussian diffusion. Is non-Gaussian targeting more efficient than Gaussian? We address this question, central to, e.g.

DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation in bacteria: a twist around the paradigm.

The co-protease activity in the RecA-ssDNA complex cleaves the autorepressor LexA, resulting in the derepression of a large number of genes under LexA control. This process is called the SOS response, and genes that are expressed in response to DNA damage are called SOS genes. The proteins encoded by the SOS genes are involved in both DNA repair and maintaining the functions of crucial cell division proteins (e.

Being Heterogeneous Is Advantageous: Extreme Brownian Non-Gaussian Searches.

Redundancy in biology may be explained by the need to optimize extreme searching processes, where one or few among many particles are requested to reach the target like in human fertilization. We show that non-Gaussian rare fluctuations in Brownian diffusion dominates such searches, introducing drastic corrections to the known Gaussian behavior. Our demonstration entails different physical systems and pinpoints the relevance of diversity within redundancy to boost fast targeting.

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Healthcare Monitoring.

The development of advanced technologies for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials, nanostructures, and devices has facilitated the development of biosensors for analyses. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with unique hierarchical structures, a high surface area, and the ability to be functionalized for target detection at the surface, exhibit high potential for biosensing applications. The electronic properties, mechanical flexibility, and optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of 2D nanomaterials can be easily modulated, enabling the construction of biosensing platforms for the detection of various analytes with targeted recognition, sensitivity, and selectivity.

The role of WO and dopants (ZrO and SiO) on CeO-based nanostructure catalysts in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under ambient conditions.

Herein, the efficacy of WO-promoted CeO-SiO and CeO-ZrO mixed oxide catalysts in the solvent-free selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde using molecular oxygen as an oxidant is reported. We evaluated the effects of the oxidant and catalyst concentration, reaction duration, and temperature on the reaction with an aim to optimize the reaction conditions. The as-prepared CeO, CeO-ZrO, CeO-SiO, WO/CeO, WO/CeO-ZrO, and WO/CeO-SiO catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N adsorption-desorption, Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Role of γδ T Cells in Cancer Progression and Therapy.

γδ T cells signify a foundational group of immune cells that infiltrate tumors early on, engaging in combat against cancer cells. The buildup of γδ T cells as cancer advances underscores their significance. Initially, these cells infiltrate and enact cytotoxic effects within the tumor tissue.

PM2.5: Epigenetic Alteration in Lung Physiology and Lung Cancer Pathogenesis.

Particulate matter (PM) has a very negative impact on human health, specifically the respiratory system. PM comes in many forms, among these is PM2.5,which is a major risk factor for lung cancer and other cardiovascular diseases.

Gamma Delta T Cells: Role in Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The most typical type of liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops from hepatocyte loss. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis C and cirrhosis are the leading causes of HCC. With the Hepatitis B vaccine and medicines, there are several treatments for HCC, including liver resection, ablation, transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, radiation embolization, and targeted therapy.

Natural and Synthetic Chalcones: Potential Impact on Breast Cancer.

Chalcones are small molecules, naturally found in fruits and vegetables, and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. They also possess anticancer activity against different tumors. They can be converted into numerous derivatives by modifying hydrogen moieties, enabling the exploration of their diverse anticancer potentials.

Advances in Quercetin for Drug-Resistant Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Applications, and Delivery Systems.

Quercetin (QUE), a natural flavone abundantly discovered in fruits, has gained attention for its potential health benefits due to its unique structure. In addition, epidemiological and clinical studies have shown promising antioxidant activity of QUE aiming to treat various diseases, including cancer. This article's purpose is to provide an overview of recent advances in the use of QUE for drug-resistant cancer therapies, focusing on its mechanisms, applications, and delivery systems.

CRISPR-Based Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is a powerful gene editing tool that has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. It allows for precise and efficient editing of specific genes that drive cancer growth and progression. CRISPR-based approaches gene knock-out, which deletes specific genes or sequences of DNA within a cancer cell, and gene knock-in, which inserts new sequences of DNA into a cancer cell to identify potential targets for cancer therapy.