Red Blood Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Decreases in Response to a 30 km Time Trial Under Hypoxia in Cyclists.

Red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is one of the factors of rightward-shifted oxygen dissociation curves and decrease of Hb-O affinity. The reduction of Hb-O affinity is beneficial to O unloading at the tissue level. In the current literature, there are no studies about the changes in 2,3-DPG level following acute exercise in moderate hypoxia in athletes.

Assessment of Epidemiological Safety in the Cosmetic Service Industry in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.

The variety of current cosmetic procedures has increased the potential risks of adverse events and infections. In a nationwide cross-sectional study (2013-2015), we assessed the aspects of infection risk in cosmetic services. An anonymous voluntary questionnaire survey was conducted among 813 employees of cosmetic establishments in Poland.

Evaluation of the Impact of Virtual Reality-Enhanced Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-enhanced cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in reducing the intensity of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing phase II of CR in ambulatory conditions. One hundred participants (mean age 65.7 years) were divided randomly into two groups.

From Athens to Sparta-37 Years of Spartathlon.

(1) Background: Recent studies analyzed the participation and performance trends of historic races such as the oldest ultra-marathon (Comrades) or the oldest 100-km ultra-marathon (Biel). One of the toughest and historic ultra-marathons in the world is the 'Spartathlon' (246-km ultra-marathon from Athens to Sparta). The present study aimed to analyze the trends in participation and performance of this race.

To Be a Champion of the 24-h Ultramarathon Race. If Not the Heart ... Mosaic Theory?

This comprehensive case analysis aimed to identify the features enabling a runner to achieve championship in 24-h ultramarathon (UM) races. A 36-year-old, multiple medalist of the World Championships in 24-h running, was assessed before, one and 10 days after a 24-h run. Results of his extensive laboratory and cardiological diagnostics with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and a one-time cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) were analyzed.

Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Support for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial.

Depression and anxiety can significantly reduce the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Several studies have assessed the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR)-based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression; however, they do not relate to patients with heart disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of VR therapy on the mental state of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Features of personality and professional burnout syndrome of physicians - analysis based on questionnaires studies.

Introduction: This observational study was ordered by the Medical Practitioners' Chamber in Warsaw.

The Objective: of the study was to evaluate the problem of professional burnout of physicians correlation between professional burnout and features of personality.

Material And Methods: Professional burnout was considered relative to different features of personality.

Is Continuous ECG Recording on Heart Rate Monitors the Most Expected Function by Endurance Athletes, Coaches, and Doctors?

Heart rate monitors (HRMs) are important for measuring heart rate, which can be used as a training parameter for healthy athletes. They indicate stress-related heart rhythm disturbances-recognized as an unexpected increase in heart rate (HR)-which can be life-threatening. Most HRMs confuse arrhythmias with artifacts.

Bridging the Gap between Theory, Practice, and Policy: A Decision-Making Process Based on Public Health Evidence Feasible in Multi-Stage Research on Biological Risk Factors in Poland.

Stakeholder input into the decision-making process when developing public health programs and policies is crucial. This article presents an innovative approach, involving online participation with a wide group of stakeholders located in different geographic locations for policy consensus. The results of the project have been used to propose assumptions regarding a strategy for preventing blood-borne diseases in Poland.

Assessing Infection Risks among Clients and Staff Who Use Tattooing Services in Poland: An Observational Study.

Across cultures and generations, people have tattooed their bodies. Although blood-borne infections from tattooing have been reduced, certain service aspects remain improperly managed. We assessed the infection risks associated with tattooing by conducting a cross-sectional study (2013-2014) in Poland using an anonymous questionnaire survey.

Strengths and Weaknesses in the Risk Management of Blood-Borne Infections: Qualitative Research in Public Health.

This article presents the research from the first phase of our study on blood-borne risk management, wherein we solicited epidemiologists' and healthcare practitioners' expert opinions on a blood-borne infection risk assessment in Poland. Forty-two experts were recommended by epidemiology consultants and recruited from all districts in Poland. We used the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) method in the evaluation.

Goalkeepers Live Longer than Field Players: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Based on World-Class Football Players.

The purpose of this article is to study whether the position occupied by footballers on the pitch influences their life duration. It is known that various types of sporting activity (endurance, resistance, or mixed) may influence lifespan in different ways. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the role of different positions played in team sports such as football.

Right Knee-The Weakest Point of the Best Ultramarathon Runners of the World? A Case Study.

The impact of ultramarathons (UM) on the organs, especially in professional athletes, is poorly understood. We tested a 36-year-old UM male runner before and after winning a 24-h marathon. The primary goal of the study was cardiovascular assessment.

Heart of the World's Top Ultramarathon Runner-Not Necessarily Much Different from Normal.

The impact of ultramarathon (UM) runs on the organs of competitors, especially elite individuals, is poorly understood. We tested a 36-year-old UM runner before, 1-2 days after, and 10-11 days after winning a 24-h UM as a part of the Polish Championships (258.228 km).

Evaluation of the Heart Function of Swimmers Subjected to Exhaustive Repetitive Endurance Efforts During a 500-km Relay.

Knowledge of the human body's ability to adapt to repeated endurance efforts during swimming is limited. We echocardiographically assessed the impact of an exhausting and repetitive swimming effort on cardiac activity. Fourteen well-trained amateur swimmers (8 female swimmers aged 16-43 years and 6 male swimmers aged 13-67 years old) participated in an ultramarathon relay.

Are heart rate monitors valuable tools for diagnosing arrhythmias in endurance athletes?

Millions of physically active individuals worldwide use heart rate monitors (HRMs) to control their exercise intensity. In many cases, the HRM indicates an unusually high heart rate (HR) or even arrhythmias during training. Unfortunately, studies assessing the reliability of these devices to help control HR disturbances during exercise do not exist.