6,005 results match your criteria: "Frontal Lobe Syndromes"

The infralimbic cortex (IL) is part of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), exerting top-down control over structures that are critically involved in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Activity of the IL is tightly controlled by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission, which is susceptible to chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal. This inhibitory control is regulated by various neuromodulators, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin).

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Shared and distinct aberrations in frontal-striatal system functional patterns among patients with irritable bowel syndrome and major depressive disorder.

J Affect Disord

October 2024

Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China. Electronic address:

Background: Considering the high comorbidity, shared risk factors, and genetic pathways between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and major depressive disorder (MDD), we hypothesized that there would be both shared and disorder-specific alterations in brain function.

Methods: A total of 39 IBS patients, 39 MDD patients, and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled and matched for sex, age, and educational level. All subjects underwent resting-state functional MRI.

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This article presents a case study of a rare convexity meningioma located in the frontal lobe of the right cerebellar hemisphere. Meningiomas comprise a substantial part of central nervous system neoplasms and are classified into benign, atypical, or anaplastic categories, each encompassing a variety of histological subtypes, among which the secretory meningioma is notably rare. A 77-year-old male presented with a clinical history of headache, impaired memory functions, an initial form of apathetic-abulic syndrome, and a single seizure, which were considered to be indicative of epileptic symptoms that had been present for several weeks.

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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Sinisan formula (SNSF), documented in the classic books Shanghan Lun, is known for its ability to regulate liver-qi and treat depression. However, its underlying mechanism, particularly its effects on dynamic real-time neuron activity and circuits remains to be fully elucidated.

Aim Of The Study: This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect of SNSF and its central nervous system mechanism on depression-like behaviors, focusing on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neural circuit in a stress-induced adolescent animal model.

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Frontal-striatal glucose metabolism and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis, long COVID, and COVID-19 recovered controls.

Exp Brain Res

September 2024

Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, E432 Field House, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.

This study compared brain glucose metabolism using FDG-PET in the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among patients with Long COVID, patients with fatigue, people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) patients with fatigue, and COVID recovered controls. PwMS exhibited greater hypometabolism compared to long COVID patients with fatigue and the COVID recovered control group in all studied brain areas except the globus pallidus (effect size range 0.7-1.

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Cognitive disorders, including Down syndrome (DS), present significant morphological alterations in neuron architectural complexity. However, the relationship between neuromorphological alterations and impaired brain function is not fully understood. To address this gap, we propose a novel computational model that accounts for the observed cell deformations in DS.

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Neuroimaging studies have suggested an important role for the default mode network (DMN) in disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, the extent to which DMN connectivity can discriminate DoC states-unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS)-is less evident. Particularly, it is unclear whether effective DMN connectivity, as measured indirectly with dynamic causal modelling (DCM) of resting EEG can disentangle UWS from healthy controls and from patients considered conscious (MCS+).

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[Clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of 35 cases of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome].

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi

July 2024

Department of Pathology,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.

To summarize the clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome (MELAS) to improve the diagnosis of this rare disease. A retrospective case series was conducted to collect the clinical data and results of genetic testing, muscle biopsy, and imaging studies including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of 35 patients with MELAS admitted to the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from 2012 to 2021. Descriptive statistical analysis including mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage were carried out.

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Reduced TMS-evoked EEG oscillatory activity in cortical motor regions in patients with post-COVID fatigue.

Clin Neurophysiol

September 2024

Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical Unversity (PMU), Salzburg, Austria; Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. Electronic address:

Objective: Persistent fatigue is a major symptom of the so-called 'long-COVID syndrome', but the pathophysiological processes that cause it remain unclear. We hypothesized that fatigue after COVID-19 would be associated with altered cortical activity in premotor and motor regions.

Methods: We used transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with EEG (TMS-EEG) to explore the neural oscillatory activity of the left primary motor area (l-M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) in a group of sixteen post-COVID patients complaining of lingering fatigue as compared to a sample of age-matched healthy controls.

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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked disorder that often leads to intellectual disability, anxiety, and sensory hypersensitivity. While sound sensitivity (hyperacusis) is a distressing symptom in FXS, its neural basis is not well understood. It is postulated that hyperacusis may stem from temporal lobe hyperexcitability or dysregulation in top-down modulation.

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Neuropsychological profile of a patient with multiple sclerosis and psychiatric symptoms that masked and delayed the diagnosis. A case report using teleneuropsychology.

Clin Neuropsychol

June 2024

Clinical Neuropsychology Residency Program, Research and Postgraduate Division, Interdisciplinary Investigation Unit in Health and Education Sciences. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) may include not only severe neurological signs and symptoms, but also cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. When psychiatric symptoms precede or are comorbid with MS, it poses a clinical challenge, because it may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of MS as a psychiatric disorder, delaying proper treatment. We describe the neuropsychological profile of a female patient with MS whose diagnosis was delayed due to neuropsychiatric symptoms.

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Pearls & Oy-sters: Frontal Lobe Syndrome Secondary to Cocaine-Induced Midline Destructive Lesions.

Neurology

July 2024

From the Departments of Neurology (A.C.M., J.C.G.-M.), Radiology (J.J.G.M., L.A.M.), and Neurosurgery (A.B.G.), Basurto University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Spain.

Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL) are a rare complication of chronic intranasal cocaine use involving the centrofacial mucosal structures, often with nasal septum perforation and, in severe cases, involvement of neurocranial structures. Patients present with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, facial pain, nasal ulcerative lesions with crusting, and septal and palate perforation causing dysphagia and nasal reflux. CNS involvement is uncommon.

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Article Synopsis
  • Brain perfusion SPECT is a crucial imaging technique that identifies neurodegenerative changes early on, playing an essential role in dementia evaluation and diagnosis.
  • It highlights different patterns of hypoperfusion associated with various types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, which helps differentiate between them and predicts disease progression.
  • The method is shifting towards using biomarkers like brain perfusion SPECT for diagnosing dementia, guiding treatment with disease-modifying drugs based on individual patient profiles.
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Background: While self-construal and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are independently associated with altered self-referential processes and underlying default mode network (DMN) functioning, no study has examined how self-construal affects DMN connectivity in PTSD.

Methods: A final sample of 93 refugee participants (48 with DSM-5 PTSD or sub-syndromal PTSD and 45 matched trauma-exposed controls) completed a 5-minute resting state fMRI scan to enable the observation of connectivity in the DMN and other core networks. A self-construal index was calculated by substracting scores on the collectivistic and individualistic sub-scales of the Self Construal Scale.

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In addition to their intrinsic rewarding properties, opioids can also evoke aversive reactions that protect against misuse. Cellular mechanisms that govern the interplay between opioid reward and aversion are poorly understood. We used whole-brain activity mapping in mice to show that neurons in the dorsal peduncular nucleus (DPn) are highly responsive to the opioid oxycodone.

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We present the case of 11 years of severe malabsorption, muscular atrophy, seizures, and immunodeficiency resolved after proximal intercessory prayer (PIP). A male infant suffered from severe abdominal pain and impaired development with the introduction of solid food at age five months. The patient had previously appeared healthy, having been born to term and breastfed.

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Forensic Neurology and the Role of Neurologists in Forensic Evaluations.

J Am Acad Psychiatry Law

June 2024

Dr. W.C. Darby is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Division of Forensic Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. Dr. Considine is an Associate Professor of Neurology, and Dr. R.R. Darby is an Assistant Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

Forensic psychiatrists may be asked to opine on neurological evidence or neurological diseases outside the scope of their expertise. This article discusses the value of involving experts trained in behavioral neurology in such cases. First, we describe the field of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry, the subspecialty available to both neurologists and psychiatrists focused on the behavioral, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric manifestations of neurological diseases.

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Cell- and Pathway-Specific Disruptions in the Accumbens of Fragile X Mouse.

J Neurosci

July 2024

Institut de neurobiologie de la méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1249, Marseille 13273, France

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. The mesocorticolimbic system, which includes the prefrontal cortex (PFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), is essential for regulating socioemotional behaviors. We employed optogenetics to compare the functional properties of the BLA→NAcC, PFC→NAcC, and reciprocal PFC↔BLA pathways in male mice.

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Article Synopsis
  • - The study investigates various MRI measures as biomarkers for tracking brain atrophy progression in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), focusing on comparing different staging systems and assessing their effectiveness for clinical trials.
  • - 508 participants were analyzed, including PSP patients and healthy controls, with specific attention given to the brainstem and midbrain volumes, which showed the most significant changes over one year.
  • - Results suggest that automated atlas-based volumetry is more sensitive and requires smaller sample sizes than other methods for detecting atrophy progression in PSP, potentially aiding in the evaluation of treatment efficacy in clinical trials.
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Objective: To investigate the clinical features and genetic variant of a child with West syndrome due to a variant of NEXMIF gene.

Methods: A child who was admitted to the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital in March 2021 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the patient was collected.

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Malignant tumors in tuberous sclerosis complex: a case report and review of the literature.

BMC Med Genomics

May 2024

Disivion of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disease that arises from TSC1 or TSC2 genetic mutations. These genetic mutations can induce the development of benign tumors in any organ system with significant clinical implications in morbidity and mortality. In rare instances, patients with TSC can have malignant tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET).

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In all vertebrates, visual signals from each visual field project to the opposite midbrain tectum (called the superior colliculus in mammals). The tectum/colliculus computes visual salience to select targets for context-contingent visually guided behavior: a frog will orient toward a small, moving stimulus (insect prey) but away from a large, looming stimulus (a predator). In mammals, visual signals competing for behavioral salience are also transmitted to the visual cortex, where they are integrated with collicular signals and then projected via the dorsal visual stream to the parietal and frontal cortices.

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