Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarctions.

Acute isolated right ventricular (RV) myocardial infarctions are relatively uncommon in clinical practice; more frequently, RV infarctions occur in association with inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions. Recent advances in diagnostic tools and methods have significantly improved our ability to detect RV infarctions in both scenarios. For this reason, it is critical for physicians to understand the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic criteria for RV infarctions to initiate treatment and optimize the outcomes of patients.

Implementing a Comprehensive CPR Education in New York State Public High Schools: Ideas, Drawbacks, & Future Directions.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving skill that can be employed when people experience cardiac arrest. While the benefits of CPR on survival are well known, much of the American population remains uneducated on how to perform it. There are many reasons for this, ranging from the cost of CPR courses to fear of making mistakes in emergency situations.

Mobile Phone Apps for Pelvic Floor Disorders.

Importance: Up to 50% of patients report not readily seeking treatment for pelvic floor disorders (PFDs). The increase in phone applications (apps) for health care information is an opportunity to increase access to care.

Objective: The aim of the study was to systematically evaluate content and function of apps for patients with PFDs.

Obesity as a Risk Factor for Adverse Outcomes After Pedestrian Trauma Accidents in the Pediatric Population.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine whether overweight or obese children are at an increased risk for injury and adverse outcomes following pedestrian motor vehicle accidents.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients between the ages of 2 and 17 who were pedestrians injured in a collision with a motorized vehicle, presenting to a level 1 trauma center, between January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021. Patients with admission weights falling above the 90th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's sex-specific growth charts were identified as overweight/obese, those below the cutoff were categorized as nonobese.

Aquatic Antagonists: Scorpionfish Envenomation.

Scorpionfish are among the most venomous creatures found in American and Caribbean seas. Their envenomation is responsible for considerable morbidity and socioeconomic burden associated with marine animal injuries. Avoiding physical contact with scorpionfish through proper identification prevails as the chief prevention method for stings.

Preeclampsia's Cardiovascular Aftermath: A Comprehensive Review of Consequences for Mother and Offspring.

Preeclampsia (PE), a multisystem hypertensive disorder affecting 2-8% of pregnancies, has emerged as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in affected mothers and in their offspring. Between 10 and 15 years following gestation, women with a history of PE have double the risk of CVD, nearly 4 times the risk of hypertension, and increased all-cause mortality. Offspring exposed to PE in utero carry an increased risk of CVD and congenital heart defects.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Clinical Manifestations, Cardiac Complications and Medical Management.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to widespread research on associated clinical syndromes. While pediatric patients were initially deemed as a low-risk population for severe COVID-related disease, an increasing number of case reports have revealed a rare but potentially life-threatening syndrome, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). MIS-C is hypothesized to be due to hyperactivation of the immune system via a cytokine storm which leads to end-organ damage via endothelial dysfunction and changes in vascular permeability.

FlowTriever System for Pulmonary Embolism: A Review of Clinical Evidence.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant cause of cardiovascular mortality, and its incidence has been increasing due to the growing aging population. Systemic or catheter-directed thrombolytic treatment for PE has an increased risk of bleeding that may offset the benefit in some patients. Mechanical thrombectomy devices such as the FlowTriever System are designed to resolve vascular occlusion and correct ventilation-perfusion mismatch without the need for thrombolytic drugs.

Artificial Intelligence in the Prevention and Detection of Cardiovascular Disease.

For more than 60 years, artificial intelligence (AI) has served as a mainstay in augmenting and assisting the lives of individuals across a wide array of interests and professional fields. Functioning to create deep computer simulations, analyze data, solve problems, and synthesize human behavior/emotion, AI has recently become a topic of popular interest in many fields of medicine. Despite decades of usage, modern AI-and its newer branch of machine learning (ML)-have yet to find a fully established and regulated niche in medicine.

Aortopathy: Effects of Lipid-Lowering Therapy.

Aortopathies can be congenital or acquired. Aortic atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and degenerative aortic stenosis are some of the major manifestations of acquired aortopathy. Dyslipidemia, an imbalance of plasma lipid levels, is strongly associated with common aortopathies.

Cardiac Xenotransplantation: Barriers, Future Directions, and Ethical Considerations.

Since data collection began in 1995, 12,713 people have died while waiting for a heart transplant. Combined with a significant number of individuals with end-stage organ disease-eligible and waiting to receive a transplant offer-is a critical shortage of registered organ donors and acceptable organs. Strategies to overcome this organ shortage include efforts to increase the number of individuals registered as donors as well as new therapeutic approaches to managing organs that would have been otherwise deemed unacceptable for donation.

Incidental Breast Arterial Calcifications and Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Risk: A Review and Recommendation.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women, contributing to about 20%, or nearly 400,000, of female deaths annually in the United States. Despite their significant burden from CAD, women have been traditionally underrepresented in trials, and therefore, there is still much to be studied regarding the sex-based variations that have been reported regarding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, efficacy of diagnostic workup, and response to therapy in CAD. Previous studies have reported that breast arterial calcifications, commonly found incidentally on screening mammography, may be associated with risk of CAD; however, there are currently no specific guidelines concerning reporting and quantification practices, as well as further workup recommendations for patients who are found to have vascular calcifications.

The Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Dementia: A Review of Trends in Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiologic Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.

With increases in life expectancy and the size of the aging population, cognitive decline and neurodegenerative pathologies are expected to increase in the next few decades. Age-related increases in risk for dementia and cardiovascular disease have been researched widely. Epidemiology trends reveal a predicted increase of neurodegenerative disease to more than 65 million by 2030 in the United States.

Cagrilintide: A Long-Acting Amylin Analog for the Treatment of Obesity.

Despite the worldwide epidemic of obesity, there remain few approved pharmacological treatment options to bridge the gap between lifestyle therapy and bariatric surgery. Cagrilintide is an amylin-analog, now being developed in combination with the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide to achieve sustained weight loss in persons with overweight and obesity. Amylin, released with insulin from beta cells in the pancreas, induces its satiating effect via both the homoeostatic and hedonic regions of the brain.

Cardiac Manifestations of Viral Infections, Including COVID-19: A Review.

Viral infections have been linked to a variety of cardiac pathology, which may include acute myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, acute coronary syndromes, and arrhythmias. We performed a systematic review of literature focusing on the cardiovascular effects of various viral infections, as well as providing an update on the current understanding of the pathophysiology of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Cardiac manifestations of viral illnesses are usually self-limiting, have variable clinical presentations, and require sufficient clinical suspicion for diagnosis and optimal management.

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease in Pregnancy: A Review of Pathophysiology and Management.

The advancement of medical treatment and surgical technique, along with the invention of cardiopulmonary bypass, has allowed for long-term survival of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD)-with many women with CHD now reaching child-bearing age and wishing to become pregnant. Pregnancy in these women is a major concern as the physiologic adaptations of pregnancy, including an increased circulating volume, increased cardiac output, reduced systemic vascular resistance, and decreased blood pressure, place a substantial load on the cardiovascular system. These changes are essential to meet the increased maternal and fetal metabolic demands and allow for sufficient placental circulation during gestation.

Tirzepatide for Weight Loss: Can Medical Therapy "Outweigh" Bariatric Surgery?

The worldwide prevalence of obesity has been increasing progressively over the past few decades and is predicted to continue to rise in coming years. Unfortunately, this epidemic is also affecting increasing rates of children and adolescents, posing a serious global health concern. Increased adiposity is associated with various comorbidities and increased mortality risk.

AVACOPAN: A New Adjunctive Therapy for Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis.

Avacopan is a small-molecule complement 5a receptor (CD88) antagonist recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as an adjunct therapy in combination with immunosuppressants and corticosteroids for treatment of ANCA-vasculitis. The selective ability of avacopan to inhibit the C5a receptor blocks neutrophil chemoattraction, activation, and adhesion while maintaining other beneficial complement pathways. Therefore, avacopan's unique selective property provides a breakthrough treatment for ANCA- vasculitis given that current therapies of corticosteroid treatment often lead to a decreased quality of life and a possible relapse.

Antihyperlipidemic Treatment Options in Statin Resistance and Intolerance.

Cardiovascular disease is the global leading cause of death and hypercholesterolemia is implicated as one of its top contributors. Moreover, there is growing recognition that lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels offer greater protection against cardiovascular disease. Statins are the first-line lipid-lowering agents for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Semaglutide for Weight Loss: Was It Worth the Weight?

Obesity is a major public health issue with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Excess body fat is associated with various comorbidities, as well as increased overall mortality risk. The benefits of weight loss are evident by the reductions in morbidity and mortality.

Drug Therapy for Hypertriglyceridemia and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome: Focus on Volnesorsen.

Volanesorsen is a new medication that may soon be used in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). Volanesorsen works via binding to Apo C-III mRNA and degrading that mRNA, thus decreasing the synthesis of Apo C-III. This decreased synthesis of Apo C-III will increase the binding of triglycerides to LDL receptors and decrease triglyceride plasma levels.

Congenital Long QT Syndrome: A Review of Genetic and Pathophysiologic Etiologies, Phenotypic Subtypes, and Clinical Management.

Congenital Long QT Syndrome (CLQTS) is the most common inherited arrhythmia. The QT interval, which marks the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization in the myocardium, can be prolonged due to mutations in genes coding for the ion channel proteins that govern the cardiac action potential. The lengthening of the QT interval can lead to a wide range of clinical symptoms, including seizures, torsades de pointes, and fatal arrhythmias.

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Complications With COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has affected the health of people across the globe. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a significant relationship with COVID-19, both as a risk factor and prognostic indicator, and as a complication of the disease itself. In addition to predisposing to CVD complications, the ongoing pandemic has severely affected the delivery of timely and appropriate care for cardiovascular conditions resulting in increased mortality.