Enhanced Production of Rebaudioside D and Rebaudioside M through V155T Substitution in the Glycosyltransferase UGT91D2 from .

Steviol glycosides (SGs) are noncaloric natural sweeteners found in the leaves of stevia (). These diterpene glycosides are biosynthesized by attaching varying numbers of monosaccharides, primarily glucose, to steviol aglycone. Rebaudioside (Reb) D and Reb M are highly glucosylated SGs that are valued for their superior sweetness and organoleptic properties, yet they are present in limited quantities in stevia leaves.

Tenderness in meat and meat alternatives: Structural and processing fundamentals.

The demand for meat alternatives based on ingredients sourced from nonanimal materials with equivalent quality of muscle tissue is increasing. As more consumers switch to meat alternatives, a growing body of research has investigated the tenderness and related texture attributes in plant-based meats to increase consumer acceptance. A deeper understanding of tenderness including the differences and similarities between meat and meat alternatives is crucial to developing products that meet consumer expectations, as it directly influences consumer acceptance.

Do the biological characteristics of trout (Salmo trutta) smolts influence their spring migration timing and maiden marine sojourn duration?

Anadromous salmonids migrate seaward to exploit feeding and growth opportunities in marine habitats, yet how smolt biological characteristics influence their marine migratory behavior remains poorly understood. This study used 9 years of trout (Salmo trutta) population monitoring data from 15,595 tagged age-0+ parr, 1033 smolts detected migrating downstream in spring, and 99 adults detected returning from their first marine migration to the River Frome (Dorset, UK) to investigate the influence of smolt biological characteristics on their migration timing and maiden marine sojourn duration. Age-specific differences in the influence of smolt length on migration timing were found, with longer 1-year-old smolts emigrating later than their shorter counterparts within the same age class, but the opposite association existed for 2-year-old smolts.

A Y-Shaped Peptide-Based Antifouling Electrochemical Aptasensor for Sensitive Aflatoxin B1 Detection in Food.

Conquering surface fouling of sensors caused by nonspecific adsorption and accumulation of foulants in a food matrix is of significance in accurate food safety analysis. Herein, an antifouling electrochemical aptasensor based on a Y-shaped peptide and nanoporous gold (NPG) for aflatoxin B1 detection in milk, tofu, and rice flour was proposed. The self-designed Y-shaped peptide involves an anchoring segment (-C), a support structure (-PPPP-), and an antifouling domain with two branches (-EK(KSRE)DER-) inspired by two bioactive peptides.

Developing Topics.

Background: As there is currently no therapy available for Alzheimer's disease, efforts are now focused on improving quality of life through various means, one of them is dietary intake. While several studies have demonstrated that consuming ultra-processed food may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes, there is insufficient evidence to directly link the consumption of ultra-processed food to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. However, it has been established that ultra-processed foods have negative effects on biological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and inflammation.

Polymer-Grafted Gold Colloids and Supracolloids: From Mechanisms of Formation to Dynamic Soft Matter.

Gold nanoparticles represent nanosized colloidal entities with high relevance for both basic and applied research. When gold nanoparticles are functionalized with polymer-molecule ligands, hybrid nanoparticles emerge whose interactions with the environment are controlled by the polymer coating layer: Colloidal stability and structure formation on the single particle level as well as at the supracolloidal scale can be enabled and engineered by tailoring the composition and architecture of this polymer coating. These possibilities in controlling structure formation may lead to synergistic and/or emergent functional properties of such hybrid colloidal systems.

A cross-scale transfer learning framework: prediction of SOD activity from leaf microstructure to macroscopic hyperspectral imaging.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role to respond in the defence against damage when tomato leaves are under different types of adversity stresses. This work employed microhyperspectral imaging (MHSI) and visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technologies to predict tomato leaf SOD activity. The macroscopic model of SOD activity in tomato leaves was constructed using the convolutional neural network in conjunction with the long and short-term temporal memory (CNN-LSTM) technique.

Healthy eating interventions conducted in small, local restaurants and hot food takeaways: A systematic review.

Objective: This systematic review investigates the characteristics, effectiveness, and acceptability of interventions to encourage healthier eating in small, independent restaurants and takeaways.

Design: We searched five databases (CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Science Citation Index & Social Science Citation Index) in June 2022. Eligible studies had to measure changes in sales, availability, nutritional quality, portion sizes, or dietary intake of interventions targeting customer behaviour or restaurant environments.

Drug Development.

Background: In preparation for therapeutic trails involving patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), there is a need for valid, disease-specific caregiver-reported outcome (CRO) measures capable of tracking symptomatic burden in response to therapy over time. CROs are useful tools in clinical trials for individuals with AD, MCI, and dementia who are unable to self-report. In addition, CROs are accepted by the United States Food and Drug Administration to support regulatory claims.

Drug Development.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex in pathogenesis and related to aging biology, especially in late-onset AD. We identified a novel synthetic curcumin analog TML-6 through the platform of 6 biomarkers of anti-aging, anti-inflammation, and anti-Aβ as the potential AD drug candidate. TML-6 exhibits multi-target effects on AD pathogenesis, including the activation of NrF-2, the regulation of autophagic machinery through mTOR, the inhibition of APP synthesis and reduction of Aβ, the upregulation of ApoE, and the inhibition of microglial activation.

Drug Development.

Background: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is accountable for the leading case of dementia in elder people. Before, only symptomatic treatments are available for AD. Since 2021, two anti-amyloid antibodies aducanumab and lecanemab have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Drug Development.

Real-World data platforms for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) offer a unique opportunity to improve health equity through better understanding of health disparities and inclusivity in research, which is critical to translatability of research findings. AD research in the US and globally remains largely inaccessible to many individuals due to individual-level, study-level, investigator-level and larger systemic barriers. ALZ-NET, a US-based registry to evaluate longitudinal outcomes of patients being evaluated for or treated with novel FDA-approved AD therapy, and New IDEAS, an observational US-based longitudinal study of amyloid PET clinical utility, both offer opportunities for examining care, inclusivity, and disparities.

Comparison of Associations of Food Security Instruments and Mediators With Premature All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Death in US Adults.

Background: Food insecurity is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is typically measured with the 10-item US Adult Food Security Survey Module. Shorter instruments may capture similar information, but this has not been validated against mortality in general populations.

Methods: A nationally representative sample of individuals aged 20 to 74 years from the US National Health Interview Survey 2011 to 2018 was included, with deaths linked to the National Death Index through 2019.

The Effects of Moderate to High Static Magnetic Fields on Pancreatic Damage.

Background: Pancreatic damage is a common digestive system disease with no specific drugs. Static magnetic field (SMF), the key component of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has demonstrated prominent effects in various disease models.

Purpose: To study the effects of 0.

Expected profitability, independence, and risk assessment of small farmers in the wave of GM crop collectivization--evidence from Xinjiang and Guangdong.

As a longstanding and indispensable part of developing countries, small farmers face challenges brought by the dissemination of GM technology. Despite governments' efforts to promote collective cultivation of GM crops through top-down policies aimed at enhancing small farmers' production efficiency and market competitiveness, actual participation rates among small farmers in many developing countries remain low. This reflects a gap and mismatch between policy design and the actual needs of small farmers.

Relationship between daily eating habits and occurrence of stroke in the O City Cohort I survey: a 26-year follow-up of residents in rural Japan.

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between daily eating habits and stroke risk factors in O City, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, using stroke registry data collected over a 26-year follow-up period based on standardized national criteria.

Materials And Methods: Overall, 1,793 middle-aged Japanese participants (446 men and 1,347 women) who completed a 33-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and had no history of stroke were matched to those from O City in a stroke registry from 1996 to 2022. Stroke diagnosis for each person was used to determine whether this was their first documented stroke, and we classified strokes as either a cerebral infarction (CI) or a hemorrhagic stroke (HS), the latter which included an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Processing and inspection of high-pressure microfluidics systems: A review.

In the field of microfluidics, high-pressure microfluidics technology, which utilizes high driving pressure for microfluidic analysis, is an evolving technology. This technology combines microfluidics and pressurization, where the flow of fluid is controlled by means of high-pressure-driven devices greater than 10 MPa. This paper first reviews the existing high-pressure microfluidics systems and describes their components and applications.

Diet diversity score might be associated with reproductive health in women and infant outcomes: a systematic review.

Lifestyle and diet may affect the reproductive cycle. A dietary index called Diet Diversity Score (DDS) may be related to various reproductive outcomes. The present review aims to look over and conclude the prior studies on the relationship between the diversity of food ingredients and issues related to reproductive health and pregnancy.

Understanding the Influence of Rheology on Biofilm Adhesion and Implication for Food Safety.

Understanding biofilm rheology is crucial for industrial and domestic food safety practices. This comprehensive review addresses the knowledge gap on the rheology of biofilm. Specifically, the review explores the influence of fluid flow, shear stress, and substrate properties on the initiation, structure, and functionality of biofilms, as essential implications for food safety.

National Beef Quality Audit-2022: Harvest-floor assessments of hide defects, carcass defects, and offal condemnations that affect value of carcasses and by-products from market cows and bulls.

The National Beef Quality Audit ()-2022 serves as a benchmark of the current market cow and bull sectors of the U.S. beef industry and allows comparison to previous audits as a method of monitoring industry progress.

BBX22 enhances the accumulation of antioxidants to inhibit DNA damage and promotes DNA repair under high UV-B.

Under changing climatic conditions, plant exposure to high-intensity UV-B can be a potential threat to plant health and all plant-derived human requirements, including food. It's crucial to understand how plants respond to high UV-B radiation so that proper measures can be taken to enhance tolerance towards high UV-B stress. We found that BBX22, a B-box protein-coding gene, is strongly induced within one hour of exposure to high-intensity UV-B.

Electrochemical In Situ Characterization Techniques in the Field of Energy Conversion.

With the proposal of the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goals, the utilization of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and tidal energy has garnered increasing attention. Consequently, the development of corresponding energy conversion technologies has become a focal point. In this context, the demand for electrochemical in situ characterization techniques in the field of energy conversion is gradually increasing.

LIFE: A metric for mapping the impact of land-cover change on global extinctions.

Human-driven habitat loss is recognized as the greatest cause of the biodiversity crisis, yet to date we lack robust, spatially explicit metrics quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic changes in habitat extent on species' extinctions. Existing metrics either fail to consider species identity or focus solely on recent habitat losses. The persistence score approach developed by Durán .

Biopolymer-Based Flame Retardants and Flame-Retardant Materials.

Polymeric materials featuring excellent flame retardancy are essential for applications requiring high levels of fire safety, while those based on biopolymers are highly favored due to their eco-friendly nature, sustainable characteristics, and abundant availability. This review first outlines the pyrolysis behaviors of biopolymers, with particular emphasis on naturally occurring ones derived from non-food sources such as cellulose, chitin/chitosan, alginate, and lignin. Then, the strategies for chemical modifications of biopolymers for flame-retardant purposes through covalent, ionic, and coordination bonds are presented and compared.