Brainstem hemorrhage associated with venous hypertensive myelopathy without dural arteriovenous fistula: illustrative case.

Background: Venous hypertensive myelopathy (VHM), formerly known as "Foix-Alajouanine syndrome," is a spinal cord dysfunction caused by impaired perfusion of the spinal cord. Most cases are attributed to spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs), but there are scattered reports of VHM without concomitant dAVF. Furthermore, no cases of VHM associated with intracranial hemorrhage exist.

[Diagnostic capabilities of spinal MR-angiography and spinal MR-tractography in Foix-Alajouanine syndrome].

The Foix-Alajouanine syndrome was originally reported by these authors in 1926, as rapidly progressive vasculitis on the background of a viral infection. The pathology was represented by the huge, more than 10 times, dilation either of the lumen, or the walls of the spinal vessels, either of the arteries, or the veins. There were no signs of thrombosis, no malformations.

A Case of Extremely Rapid Progression in Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome.

Foix-Alajouanine syndrome is a rare cause of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula that can cause irreversible myelopathy and paraplegia if not treated promptly. The complex nature of this pathology often leads to missed or delayed diagnosis regardless of broad workups executed. We present a symptomatically classic Foix-Alajouanine 68-year-old patient with an accelerated progression reaching stages of severe myelopathy in less than a year.

Bilateral mirror image lumbar spinal dural arterial venous fistula: a rare case and systematic review of the literature.

Background: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are rare with an incidence of 5-10/million annually. They can be difficult to diagnose causing a delay in treatment with significant morbidity. We describe the first case in the literature of a symptomatic mirror lumbar SDAVF which may go unnoticed due to its unique vascular anatomy.

Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome Mimicking Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis.

Unlabelled: Foix-Alajouanine syndrome is an arteriovenous malformation causing subacute congestive myelopathy that can lead to progressive paraplegia. It typically affects the lower thoracic and lumbosacral levels. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) leads to increased venous pressure, decreasing the arteriovenous pressure gradient and leading to a decrease in spinal cord perfusion, oedema and necrosis.

[A Case of Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome due to Perimedullary AVF: Remission and Aggravation Mechanism Considered by an Open Surgical Biopsy and Intraoperative ICG Angiography].

Foix-Alajouanine syndrome (FAS), also known as congestive myelopathy due to spinal vascular malformations, presents with paraplegia, sensory disturbance of lower limbs, and dysfunction of the bladder and rectum. Although FAS is characterized by a subacute onset of neurological symptoms that may wax and wane over a few years, the progression mechanism remains unclear. We report a case of FAS due to an angiographically occult arteriovenous fistula (AVF) that was diagnosed by an open surgical biopsy and intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) angiography.

Congestive Myelopathy due to Intradural Spinal AVM Supplied by Artery of Adamkiewicz: Case Report with Brief Literature Review and Analysis of the Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome Definition.

Background: Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can lead to development of congestive myelopathy (Foix-Alajouanine syndrome). Spinal AVMs are rare and so is this syndrome. Diagnosis is often missed due to its rarity and confusing definitions of the Foix-Alajouanine syndrome.

Late diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas resulting in severe lower-extremity weakness: a case series.

Background Context: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is a slow-flow extramedullary vascular lesion affecting primarily the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. The clinical sequela of these vascular changes is progressive myelopathy and severe lower-extremity weakness. Although surgical or embolic treatment of SDAVFs has improved significantly in the last years, the ambiguity of the symptoms may complicate and delay the diagnosis.

Congestive myelopathy (Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome) due to intradural arteriovenous fistula of the filum terminale fed by anterior spinal artery: Case report and review of literature.

Spinal arteriovenous fistulas are rare entities. They often present with congestive myelopathy but are infrequently diagnosed as the cause of the patients' symptoms. Only one such case has been described previously in Indian literature.

Thoracic venous congestion caused by thoracic disc herniation.

We present what is to our knowledge the first reported case of thoracic disc herniation leading to venous congestive myelopathy (VCM), which was clinically and radiographically suggestive of Foix-Alajouanine syndrome (angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy). In addition, we review current concepts in evaluating the etiology of VCM and discuss indications for surgery.

Histologically proven venous congestive myelopathy without concurrent vascular malformation: Case reports and review of the literature.

Background: Venous congestive myelopathy is a progressive myelopathy that is generally caused by a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula.

Case Description: We report a patient with histologically confirmed venous congestive myelopathy without concurrent vascular malformations in radiological and intraoperative findings.

Conclusions: The definitive underlying etiology of this congestive myelopathy was unclear.

Coexistence of intradural spinal arteriovenous malformation and associated developmental anomalies - report of two cases.

Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVM) have been devided into dural (Type I), intramedullary glomus (Type II), juvenile (Type III), and perimedullary direct arteriovenous fistulae (Type IV). AVMs are usually associated with subacute myelopathy in what has been known as Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. We presented two patients with two intradural spinal arteriovenous malformations associated in what we call Foix-Alajouanine syndrome.