Improving reference equations for cardiorespiratory fitness using multiplicative allometric rather than additive linear models: Data from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database Registry.

New improved reference equations for cardiorespiratory fitness have recently been published, using Data from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND Registry). The new linear equation for VO (ml.kg.

Peak oxygen pulse responses during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing: Reference standards from FRIEND (Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: an International Database).

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is the gold-standard approach to assessing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The current study puts forth reference standards for peak oxygen (O) pulse from the "Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Data Base" (FRIEND) Registry.

Methods: The current analysis included 13,318 tests from CPX laboratories in the United States, Canada and Europe.

Pedometer Feedback Interventions Increase Daily Physical Activity in Phase III Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants.

Purpose: To determine the effects of individually tailored interventions designed to increase physical activity (PA) in cardiac patients.

Methods: A total of 99 (77 men and 22 women, 61.5 ± 10.

Road network intersection density and childhood obesity risk in the US: a national longitudinal study.

Objectives: Road intersection density is an important indicator of walkability. The objectives of this study were to examine the trends in intersection density in the US from 2007 to 2011 and assess the associations between intersection density and childhood obesity risk at the state level.

Study Design: Longitudinal analyses were conducted to assess the spatial-temporal changes of population-weighted intersection density in relation to the risk of childhood obesity in the US.

NASA Mission X Program for Healthy Eating and Active Living among Taiwanese Elementary School Students.

Purpose: This study assessed the effects of an intervention program adapted from the NASA Mission X (MX) program on children's Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL) knowledge and behaviors and anthropometry.

Methods: This clustered randomized control trial recruited 8 elementary schools in remote rural areas of Northern Taiwan. The intervention was the 8-week MX program.

Top 10 Research Priorities in Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology.

The International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE) convened its first International Symposium on Lifecourse Epidemiology and Spatial Science at the Lorentz Center in Leiden, Netherlands, 16–20 July 2018. Its aim was to further an emerging transdisciplinary field: Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology. This field draws from a broad perspective of scientific disciplines including lifecourse epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, community health, spatial science, health geography, biostatistics, spatial statistics, environmental science, climate change, exposure science, health economics, evidence-based public health, and landscape ecology.

Improvement in food environments may help prevent childhood obesity: Evidence from a 9-year cohort study.

Background: Effects of food environments (FEs) on childhood obesity are mixed.

Objectives: To examine the association of residential FEs with childhood obesity and variation of the association across gender and urbanicity.

Methods: We used the US Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort data, with 9440 kindergarteners followed up from 1998 to 2007.

Effects of school neighborhood food environments on childhood obesity at multiple scales: a longitudinal kindergarten cohort study in the USA.

Background: School neighborhood food environment is recognized as an important contributor to childhood obesity; however, large-scale and longitudinal studies remain limited. This study aimed to examine this association and its variation across gender and urbanicity at multiple geographic scales.

Methods: We used the US nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohort data and included 7530 kindergarteners followed up from 1998 to 2007.

Association of neighborhood built environments with childhood obesity: Evidence from a 9-year longitudinal, nationally representative survey in the US.

Background: The built environment is an important contributor to childhood obesity; however, large-scale and longitudinal studies designed to examine their associations remain limited. This study aimed to examine whether walkable neighborhoods were associated with childhood obesity risk over a 9-year period.

Methods: We used data collected in the US nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten (ECLS-K) Cohort, with 9440 kindergarteners followed up until their 8th grade (1998-2007).

Personal Activity Intelligence (PAI): A new standard in activity tracking for obtaining a healthy cardiorespiratory fitness level and low cardiovascular risk.

Despite all the evidence of health benefits related to physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), low levels of PA have reached pandemic proportions, and inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Lack of time, and inability to self-manage are often cited as main barriers to getting adequate PA. Recently, a new personalized metric for PA tracking named Personal Activity Intelligence (PAI) was developed with the aim to make it easier to quantify how much PA per week is needed to reduce the risk of premature mortality from non-communicable diseases.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease - The past, present, and future.

The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now well established and it is increasingly being recognized as an essential variable which should be assessed in health screenings. The key findings that have established the clinical significance of CRF are reviewed in this report, along with an overview of the current relevance of exercise as a form of medicine that can provide a number of positive health outcomes, including increasing CRF. Current assessment options for assessing CRF are also reviewed, including the direct measurement via cardiopulmonary exercise testing which now can be interpreted with age and sex-specific reference values.

Reducing fetal origins of childhood obesity through maternal smoking cessation during pregnancy: an intervention study.

Rapid infant weight gain predicts childhood obesity. We aimed to estimate effect size and identify critical timing for intervention-assisted smoking cessation during pregnancy to impact infant weight gain. We followed 25 mother-infant dyads in the UB Pregnancy and Smoking Cessation Study (Buffalo, NY, USA).

An Update on the Role of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Structured Exercise and Lifestyle Physical Activity in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease and Health Risk.

The cardiovascular disease (CVD) pandemic has placed considerable strain on healthcare systems, quality of life, and physical function, while remaining the leading cause of death globally. Decades of scientific investigations have fortified the protective effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), exercise training, and physical activity (PA) against the development of CVD. This review will summarize recent efforts that have made significant strides in; 1) the application of novel analytic techniques to increase the predictive utility of CRF; 2) understanding the protective effects of long-term compliance to PA recommendations through large cohort studies with multiple points of assessment; 3) and understanding the potential harms associated with extreme volumes of PA.

Determining Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Precision: Compendium of Findings From the FRIEND Registry.

Healthy living (HL) behaviors and characteristics are central to both preventing and treating a myriad of chronic diseases; a key HL characteristic is cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Knowing an individual's CRF provides vital information when assessing health status and formulating a plan of care. Normative reference values as well as thresholds that denote varying degrees of health and future risk exist for measures of CRF.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Mortality in Healthy Men and Women.

Background: There is a well-established inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality. However, this relationship has almost exclusively been studied using estimated CRF.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association of directly measured CRF, obtained using cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in apparently healthy men and women.

Mismatch in Children's Weight Assessment, Ideal Body Image, and Rapidly Increased Obesity Prevalence in China: A 10-Year, Nationwide, Longitudinal Study.

Objective: This study examined secular trends in children's weight-status assessment, measured weight status, and ideal body image and their associations with subsequent changes in BMI, and it explored the differences between sociodemographic groups in China.

Methods: Longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey of 4,605 children aged 6 to 17 collected between 2000 and 2011 were used and fitted to mixed models.

Results: From 2000 to 2011, overweight/obesity prevalence increased from 6.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Inversely Associated With Clustering of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: The Ball State Adult Fitness Program Longitudinal Lifestyle Study.

Objective: The focus of this study was the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) defined as maximal oxygen uptake (VO). Although previous research has shown a relationship between MetSyn and CRF, most studies are based on measures of CRF and different cardiometabolic risk factor from earlier guidelines.

Participants And Methods: The metabolic markers included in the present study were central obesity, elevated plasma triglycerides, elevated fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, impaired fasting plasma glucose, hypertension, or pharmacologic treatment for diagnosed hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or diabetes.

Association between household poverty dynamics and childhood overweight risk and health behaviours in the United States: a 8-year nationally representative longitudinal study of 16 800 children.

Background: No study has examined how the pattern of income dynamics influences both of children's body mass index (BMI) trajectory and health behaviours.

Objectives: To examine the association between household poverty dynamics and childhood overweight risk in the USA.

Methods: Using the longitudinal data of 16 800 children (from kindergarten to the 8th grade) in the nationally representative US cohort-Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class 1998-1999, we examined the differences in BMI trajectory, weight-related health behaviours and risk of overweight in association with household poverty dynamics during follow-up (never [no experience of poverty], transient [once], recurrent [≥2 times] and persistent poor [remained]) using mixed models with fractional polynomial functions and estimating equation models.

Peak Ventilation Reference Standards from Exercise Testing: From the FRIEND Registry.

Purpose: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) provides valuable clinical information, including peak ventilation (V˙Epeak), which has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with underlying pulmonary disease. This report provides reference standards for V˙Epeak derived from CPX on treadmills in apparently healthy individuals.

Methods: Nine laboratories in the United States experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database from 2014 to 2017.

Americans' Perceptions about Fast Food and How They Associate with Its Consumption and Obesity Risk.

We aimed to systematically examine Americans' perceptions of fast food (FF) and how these perceptions might affect fast food consumption (FFC) and obesity risk. We searched PubMed and Google for studies published in English until February 17, 2017 that reported on Americans' perceptions (defined as their beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge) regarding FF as well as those on their associations with FFC and obesity risk. Thirteen articles met inclusion criteria.