Cardiorespiratory fitness in COPD and HF from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: a National Database.

Aims: To better characterize functional consequences of the presence of COPD on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with HF.

Methods And Results: Patients with any clinical indication for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) were included in the international FRIEND registry. Diagnosis of COPD was confirmed by a ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity (FEV/FVC) < 0.

Hypertension and Ventilatory Responses During Exercise in the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND).

Background: A high minute ventilation/rate of carbon dioxide production (V̇/V̇co) slope during exercise is prognostic for cardiovascular death. Recent data indicate that adults with either controlled or untreated primary hypertension, but not those with uncontrolled hypertension, exhibit a higher V̇/V̇co slope during exercise. However, the sample sizes were modest.

Chronic Use of Antihypertensive Medications and Peak Exercise Blood Pressure in Adult Men and Women from the BALL ST Cohort.

Purpose: To determine if individuals chronically (>1 yr) prescribed antihypertensive medications have a normal BP response to peak exercise compared with unmedicated individuals.

Methods: Participants included 2555 adults from the Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle STudy cohort who performed a peak treadmill exercise test. Participants were divided into groups by sex and antihypertensive medication status.

Improving Reporting of Exercise Capacity Across Age Ranges Using Novel Workload Reference Equations.

Exercise capacity (EC) is an important predictor of survival in the general population and in subjects with cardiopulmonary disease. Despite its relevance, considering the percent-predicted workload (%pWL) given by current equations may overestimate EC in older adults. Therefore, to improve the reporting of EC in clinical practice, our main objective was to develop workload reference equations (pWL) that better reflect the relation between workload and age.

A Machine Learning Approach to Developing an Accurate Prediction of Maximal Heart Rate During Exercise Testing in Apparently Healthy Adults.

Purpose: Maximal heart rate (HR max ) continues to be an important measure of adequate effort during an exercise test. The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of HR max prediction using a machine learning (ML) approach.

Methods: We used a sample from the Fitness Registry of the Importance of Exercise National Database, which included 17 325 apparently healthy individuals (81% males) who performed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test.

Cardiorespiratory fitness estimations and their ability to predict all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Background: In cardiac rehabilitation programs, cardiorespiratory fitness is commonly estimated (eCRF) from the maximum workload achieved on a graded exercise test. This study compared four well-established eCRF equations in their ability to predict mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods: A total of 7269 individuals with CVD were studied (81% male; age 59.

Cardiorespiratory fitness as a vital sign of CVD risk in the COVID-19 era.

The severe health consequences of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been exacerbated by the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Further, policy decisions during the pandemic augmented unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and health inequalities, likely increasing the global disease burden. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a well-established biomarker associated with CVD risk.

Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope as a Predictor of Mortality Risk: THE BALL STATE ADULT FITNESS LONGITUDINAL LIFESTYLE STUDY (BALL ST).

Purpose: Oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), defined as the slope of the linear relationship between oxygen uptake and the semilog transformed ventilation rate measured during an incremental exercise test, may have prognostic utility. The objective of this investigation was to examine the relationship between assessments of OUES and all-cause mortality in a cohort of apparently healthy adults.

Methods: The sample included 2220 apparently healthy adults (48% females) with a mean age of 44.

A Nonexercise Prediction of Peak Oxygen Uptake for Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: DATA FROM THE FITNESS REGISTRY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE INTERNATIONAL DATABASE (FRIEND).

Purpose: Nonexercise predictions of peak oxygen uptake (V˙ o2peak ) are used clinically, yet current equations were developed from cohorts of apparently healthy individuals and may not be applicable to individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our purpose was to develop a CVD-specific nonexercise prediction equation for V˙ o2peak .

Methods: Participants were from the Fitness Registry and Importance of Exercise International Database (FRIEND) with a diagnosis of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), myocardial infarction (MI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or heart failure (HF) who met maximal effort criteria during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (n = 15 997; 83% male; age 63.

Reference Standards for Peak Rating of Perceived Exertion during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: Data from FRIEND.

Introduction: Peak rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is measured during clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) and is commonly used as a subjective indicator of maximal effort. However, no study to date has reported reference standards or the distribution of peak RPE across a large cohort of apparently healthy individuals.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine reference standards for peak RPE when using the 6-20 Borg scale for both treadmill and cycle tests.

Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Is a Submaximal Exercise Test Variable and a Predictor of Mortality Risk: THE BALL STATE ADULT FITNESS LONGITUDINAL LIFESTYLE STUDY (BALL ST).

Purpose: The cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) is the minimum ventilatory equivalent for oxygen. The COP can be determined during a submaximal incremental exercise test. Reflecting the optimal interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, COP may have prognostic utility.

Peak Circulatory Power during Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: Reference Standards from the FRIEND Registry.

Purpose: Normative standards for key cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test variables, including peak circulatory power (CircP), are needed to guide the interpretation of clinical exercise responses in individuals with and without disease.

Objective: This study aimed to establish age- and sex-specific reference standards for peak CircP derived from a healthy cohort from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Database (FRIEND).

Methods: CPX test data from apparently healthy males and females from eight FRIEND United States exercise laboratories were considered.

Current state of unhealthy living characteristics in White, African American and Latinx populations.

The United States (US) is similar to most industrialized countries in that it falls short on many of the basic metrics related to cardiovascular and overall health. These metrics include nutritional patterns, levels of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and prevalence of overweight and obesity. These issues are even more apparent in underserved communities, among whom unhealthy living characteristics cluster and contribute to a disproportionate chronic disease burden.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Responses in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: The Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study.

The association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is well established. Additional variables derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) have shown prognostic value in some chronic diseases, however, there is limited information on how cardiopulmonary responses to exercise may be altered in individuals with MetSyn. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between cardiopulmonary variables derived from CPET and MetSyn.

The importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Advancements in the treatment of CVD have reduced mortality rates, yet the global burden of CVD remains high. Considering that CVD is still largely a preventable disease, prioritizing preventative measures through healthy lifestyle (HL) behaviors is necessary to lessen the burden of CVD.