Functional Analysis of TAAR1 Expression in the Intestine Wall and the Effect of Its Gene Knockout on the Gut Microbiota in Mice.

Currently, the TAAR1 receptor has been identified in various cell groups in the intestinal wall. It recognizes biogenic amine compounds like phenylethylamine or tyramine, which are products of decarboxylation of phenylalanine and tyrosine by endogenous or bacterial decarboxylases. Since several gut bacteria produce these amines, TAAR1 is suggested to be involved in the interaction between the host and gut microbiota.

Spontaneous formation of different forms of alpha-synuclein fibrils from a recombinant protein.

Alpha-synuclein is a protein, the conformational changes of which lead to the development of such socially significant diseases as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The methods for differential diagnostics of these diseases based on the use of alpha-synuclein in a non-native conformation obtained from patients as a seed for inducing fibrillogenesis and studying the morphology of the resulting amyloid-like fibrils were described in a number of studies. The authors associate such properties of the seed with the presence of post-translational modifications in the protein obtained from patients.

Comparative Efficacy of Parenteral and Mucosal Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 and Infections in Animal Models.

Background: The accumulation of specific IgG antibodies in blood serum is considered a key criterion for the effectiveness of vaccination. For several vaccine-preventable infections, quantitative indicators of the humoral response have been established, which, when reached, provide a high probability of protection against infection. The presence of such a formal correlate of vaccine effectiveness is crucial, for example, in organizing preventive measures and validating newly developed vaccines.

Quantification of 11 metabolites in rat urine after exposure to organophosphates.

Background: The aim of the study was to develop a technique for quantitative determination of rat urine metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS, which can be used to search for biomarkers of acute intoxication with organophosphates (OPs).

Results: The content of metabolites in the urine of rats exposed to a single dose of paraoxon (POX1x); interval, twice daily administration of paraoxon (POX2x); exposure to 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1, 3, 2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide and paraoxon (CBPOX) was investigated. New data were obtained on the content in the urine of intact rats as well as rats in 3 models of OP poisoning: 3-methylhistidine, threonine, creatine, creatinine, lactic acid, acetylcarnitine, inosine, hypoxanthine, adenine, 3-hydroxymethyl-butyrate and 2-hydroxymethyl-butyrate.

Bacterium-like Particles from as Mucosal Adjuvant for the Development of Pneumococcal Vaccines.

Previously, it was shown that intranasally (i.n.) administered 090104 (Cp) or CP-derived bacterium-like particles (BLPs) improve the immunogenicity of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV).

The Effect of Mice Adaptation Process on the Pathogenicity of Influenza A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1)pdm09 Model Strain.

Influenza virus strain A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1)pdm09 (SA-WT) is a non-mouse-adapted model strain that has naturally high pathogenic properties in mice. It has been suggested that the high pathogenicity of this strain for mice could be due to the three strain-specific substitutions in the polymerase complex (Q687R in PB1, N102T in PB2, and E358E/K heterogeneity in PB2). To evaluate the role of these replacements, SA-WT was passaged five times in mouse lungs, and the genome of the mouse-adapted version of the SA-WT strain (SA-M5) was sequenced.

Emission and Migration of Nanoscale Particles during Osseointegration and Disintegration of Dental Implants in the Clinic and Experiment and the Influence on Cytokine Production.

The emission of nanoscale particles from the surfaces of dental implants leads to the cumulative effect of particle complexes in the bone bed and surrounding soft tissues. Aspects of particle migration with the possibility of their involvement in the development of pathological processes of systemic nature remain unexplored. The aim of this work was to study protein production during the interaction of immunocompetent cells with nanoscale metal particles obtained from the surfaces of dental implants in the supernatants.

Postural influence on intracranial fluid dynamics: an overview.

This review focuses on the effects of different body positions on intracranial fluid dynamics, including cerebral arterial and venous flow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics, and intracranial pressure (ICP). It also discusses research methods used to quantify these effects. Specifically, the implications of three types of body positions (orthostatic, supine, and antiorthostatic) on cerebral blood flow, venous outflow, and CSF circulation are explored, with a particular emphasis on cerebrovascular autoregulation during microgravity and head-down tilt (HDT), as well as posture-dependent changes in cerebral venous and CSF flow, ICP, and intracranial compliance (ICC).

Pilot Study Results on Antibodies to the S- and N-Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in Paired Sera from COVID-19 Patients with Varying Severity.

In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the formation of individual classes of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in archived serial sera from hospitalized patients with the medium-severe ( = 17) and severe COVID-19 ( = 11). The serum/plasma samples were studied for the presence of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to the recombinant S- and N-proteins of SARS-CoV-2. By the 7th day of hospitalization, an IgG increase was observed in patients both with a positive PCR test and without PCR confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Immunopathological Inflammation in the Evolution of Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis.

The purpose of this study was to provide an immuno-mediated substantiation of the etiopathogenesis of mucositis and peri-implantitis based on the results of experimental, laboratory and clinical studies. The biopsy material was studied to identify impregnated nanoscale and microscale particles in the structure of pathological tissues by using X-ray microtomography and X-ray fluorescence analyses. Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis identified the composition of supernatants containing nanoscale metal particles obtained from the surfaces of dental implants.

Semaphorin 3A in the Immune System: Twenty Years of Study.

Semaphorin 3A is a secreted glycoprotein, which was originally identified as axon guidance factor in the neuronal system, but it also possesses immunoregulatory properties. Here, the effect of semaphorin 3A on T-lymphocytes, myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages is systematically analyzed on the bases of all publications available in the literature for 20 years. Expression of semaphorin 3A receptors - neuropilin-1 and plexins A - in these cells is described in details.

Live Influenza Vaccine Provides Early Protection against Homologous and Heterologous Influenza and May Prevent Post-Influenza Pneumococcal Infections in Mice.

Influenza and infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Intranasal live influenza vaccine (LAIV) may prevent influenza-related bacterial complications. The objectives of the study are to estimate resistance against early influenza infection and post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia after LAIV in mice.

Study of Antibodies to Influenza Neuraminidase N2.

Humoral immunity to influenza neuraminidase (NA) was evaluated among different groups of people including patients with acute influenza infection and healthy people in different age groups using an enzyme linked lectin assay (ELLA). The amino acid composition of NA of seasonal influenza viruses A/Victoria/361/2011(H3N2) and A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2) differed by 2%, while cross-reacting neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies to them in the same serum samples were detected in 10% of cases. Middle-aged patients born from 1977 to 2000 had a high level of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2), but almost no NI antibodies, which may indicate that in the case of a change in the hemagglutinin (HA) subtype, this age group will be susceptible to influenza A/H3N2 viruses.

Understanding the Variability of Certain Biological Properties of H1N1pdm09 Influenza Viruses.

The influenza virus continually evolves because of the high mutation rate, resulting in dramatic changes in its pathogenicity and other biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of certain essential properties, understand the connections between them, and find the molecular basis for the manifestation of these properties. To that end, 21 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses were tested for their pathogenicity and toxicity in a mouse model with a phenotype manifestation and HA thermal stability.

Label-Free Physical Techniques and Methodologies for Proteins Detection in Microfluidic Biosensor Structures.

Proteins in biological fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) are important biomarkers of various pathological conditions. Protein biomarkers detection and quantification have been proven to be an indispensable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. There is a growing tendency towards using portable diagnostic biosensor devices for point-of-care (POC) analysis based on microfluidic technology as an alternative to conventional laboratory protein assays.

Study of Antibody-Dependent Reactions of Mast Cells and in a Model of Severe Influenza Infection in Mice.

We investigated the reaction of mouse peritoneal mast cells (MCs) after IgG-containing immune complex introduction using A/H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses as antigens. The sera of immune mice served as a source of IgG antibodies. The concentration of histamine in the supernatants was determined at 4 hours after incubation with antisera and virus.

Old dog, new tricks: Influenza A virus NS1 and in vitro fibrillogenesis.

The influenza NS1 protein is involved in suppression of the host immune response. Recently, there is growing evidence that prion-like protein aggregation plays an important role in cellular signaling and immune responses. In this work, we obtained a recombinant, influenza A NS1 protein and showed that it is able to form amyloid-like fibrils in vitro.

High Precision Human Skin Temperature Fluctuations Measuring Instrument.

This paper describes the experimental results of testing a prototype of a high precision human skin rapid temperature fluctuations measuring instrument. Based on the author's work, an original circuit solution on a miniature semiconductor diode sensor has been designed. The proposed circuitry provides operation in the full voltage range with automatic setting and holding the operating point, as well as the necessary slope of the conversion coefficient (up to 2300 mV/°C), which makes it possible to register fast temperature oscillations from the surface of the human body and other biological objects.

Differential Influence of Amyloid-β on the Kinetics of Dopamine Release in the Dorsal and Ventral Striatum of Rats.

Dopaminergic dysfunction is a part of Alzheimer's disease pathology. The brain accumulation of amyloid-β of toxic form is a key link of the pathology, which, according to the literature, is also true for dopaminergic dysfunction. An increase in the amyloid-β level in the brain changes the maximum of the evoked dopamine release in the dorsal and ventral parts of the striatum of the experimental animals.

Label-Free Protein Detection by Micro-Acoustic Biosensor Coupled with Electrical Field Sorting. Theoretical Study in Urine Models.

Diagnostic devices for point-of-care (POC) urine analysis (urinalysis) based on microfluidic technology have been actively developing for several decades as an alternative to laboratory based biochemical assays. Urine proteins (albumin, immunoglobulins, uromodulin, haemoglobin etc.) are important biomarkers of various pathological conditions and should be selectively detected by urinalysis sensors.

The relationship between serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α levels and clinical features in essential tremor.

Background: In recent years, there has been discussion that essential tremor (ET) might be a neurodegenerative disease. Indicators of inflammation are considered as possible biomarkers of neurodegeneration. In this connection, the aim of our study was to identify the relationship between serum inflammation markers and clinical features in ET, including the severity of tremor, cognitive decline, depression.

Anti-Influenza Effect of Nanosilver in a Mouse Model.

The present study assesses copper metabolism of the host organism as a target of antiviral strategy, basing on the "virocell" concept. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as a specific active agent because they reduce the level of holo-ceruloplasmin, the main extracellular cuproenzyme. The mouse model of influenza virus A infection was used with two doses: 1 LD and 10 LD.

COVID-19 in Light of Seasonal Respiratory Infections.

A wide diversity of zoonotic viruses that are capable of overcoming host range barriers facilitate the emergence of new potentially pandemic viruses in the human population. When faced with a new virus that is rapidly emerging in the human population, we have a limited knowledge base to work with. The pandemic invasion of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2019 provided a unique possibility to quickly learn more about the pathogenesis of respiratory viruses.

Mast cell degranulation and histamine release during A/H5N1 influenza infection in influenza-sensitized mice.

Here we evaluate the role of mast cells in infection with influenza A/H5N1 virus in immunized mice. CBA mice were immunized intramuscularly with formalin-inactivated A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1)NIBRG-14 (H5N1). Serum samples were obtained on days 7, 12, 14, 21 after immunization.

Generation of two iPSC lines (FAMRCi007-A and FAMRCi007-B) from patient with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and heart rhythm abnormalities carrying genetic variant LMNA p.Arg249Gln.

Human iPSC lines were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patient carrying LMNA mutation associated with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy accompanied by atrioventricular block and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Reprogramming factors OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, CMYC were delivered using Sendai virus transduction. iPSCs were characterized in order to prove the pluripotency markers expression, normal karyotype, ability to differentiate into three embryonic germ layers.