[Identification of meldonium in the urine of volunteers using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after consumption of milk of cows treated with a preventive course of the veterinary drug Emidonol].

Emidonol is a Russian antioxidant drug, widely used in veterinary medicine both for prophylactic purposes and under pathological conditions associated with oxygen deficiency. The product of its biotransformation in animals is meldonium, which is a metabolic modulator and has been included on the Prohibited List by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2016. In the presented research, volunteers once consumed samples of milk from cows that had undergone a 15-day course of the veterinary drug Emidonol® 10%, obtained from one of the farms in the Moscow region.

[Analysis of the influence of enzyme preparations produced using technological microorganisms on the microbiome and cellular immunity of rats].

The observed increase in the production of enzyme preparations (EP) using mutant and genetically modified microorganisms makes it necessary to assess their risks to consumer health. However, at present, their possible influence on the microbiome, immune status of the macroorganism has not been sufficiently studied. of the research was to assess the effect of two EP - the complex of hydrolases with proteolytic and nuclease activity from the Aspergillus oryzae RCAM 01134 mutant strain (EP1) and the neutral protease - bacillolysin and serine protease from the Bacillus subtilis-96 (VKM B-3499D) mutant strain (FP2) on the intestine microbiome and cellular immunity indices of the experimental animals.

[Comparative assessment of the basal metabolic rate in athletes with different level of physical activity based on prediction equations].

The use of laboratory methods for assessing energy expenditure in athletes requires the availability of appropriate equipment and trained personnel, which is very difficult in the context of everyday sports activities. Therefore, the use of predictive equations that most accurately reflect energy expenditure is of paramount importance for developing dietary and recovery recommendations for athletes. of this research was to compare the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of highly skilled athletes obtained using predictive equations.

The association of TNF-alpha secretion and mtDNA copy number in CD14 monocytes of patients with obesity and CHD.

Introduction: Mitochondrial dysfunction may be one of the causes of inflammatory activation of monocytes and macrophages, which leads to excessive secretion of inflammatory mediators and the development of chronic inflammation.

Aims: The study was aimed to evaluate the secretion of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the primary culture of monocytes, and to analyze its relationship with the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies in the blood of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and obesity.

Materials And Methods: 108 patients with obesity and concomitant CHD and a control group of 25 participants were included in the study.

[Alternaria toxins in tomato products marketed in the Russian Federation].

Tomatoes and tomato products are widely produced and consumed throughout the world. Alternaria spp. are the main cause of alternariosis (black mold disease) on fresh tomatoes, both in the field and after harvesting.

[Development and validation of methods for the quantitative determination of vitamins B and B in foods by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection].

The main sources of vitamins, which are essential substances, are mainly aliment products, foods for special dietary uses and dietary supplements. Therefore, the study of the native content of vitamins in aliment foods has always been of interest. For the chromatographic separation of vitamins, rather versatile C18 columns are used as a stationary phase, which allow one to obtain reliable results using UV detection for vitamin-enriched foods, dietary supplements and vitamin premixes.

The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity.

Adipokines are currently widely studied cellular signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and involved in various processes, including inflammation; energy and appetite modulation; lipid and glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity; endothelial cell functioning; angiogenesis; the regulation of blood pressure; and hemostasis. The current review attempted to highlight the key functions of adipokines in the inflammatory mechanisms of obesity, its complications, and its associated diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of obesity was conducted online using the PubMed and Scopus databases until October 2022.

Atheroprotective Effects of L.

Cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis are the major cause of death in developed countries. Early prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis are considered to be an important aspect of the therapy of cardiovascular disease. Preparations based on natural products affect the main pathogenetic steps of atherogenesis, and so represent a perspective for the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis development.

Vaccination against Atherosclerosis: Is It Real?

Atherosclerosis has been known in medicine for several centuries. As early as 1755, the Swedish anatomist Albrecht von Haller used the term "atheroma" to describe vascular lesions. Atherosclerosis may originate from an unbalanced diet or bad habits, and is mainly found in developed countries.

Macrophages and Foam Cells: Brief Overview of Their Role, Linkage, and Targeting Potential in Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is still one of the main causes of death around the globe. This condition leads to various life-threatening cardiovascular complications. However, no effective preventive measures are known apart from lifestyle corrections, and no cure has been developed.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Vascular Wall Cells and Its Role in Atherosclerosis.

Altered mitochondrial function is currently recognized as an important factor in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, which can be inherited or spontaneously acquired in various organs and tissues, having more or less profound effects depending on the tissue energy status. Arterial wall cells are among the most vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to their barrier and metabolic functions.

The Role of Mitochondria-Derived Peptides in Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets.

Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are small peptides hidden in the mitochondrial DNA, maintaining mitochondrial function and protecting cells under different stresses. Currently, three types of MDPs have been identified: Humanin, MOTS-c and SHLP1-6. MDPs have demonstrated anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress-protecting properties both in vitro and in vivo.

Immunity in Atherosclerosis: Focusing on T and B Cells.

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of the development of cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. From the point of view of pathogenesis, atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease. A huge variety of processes, such as violation of mitophagy, oxidative stress, damage to the endothelium, and others, are involved in atherogenesis; however, the main components of atherogenesis are considered to be inflammation and alterations of lipid metabolism.

Recognition of Oxidized Lipids by Macrophages and Its Role in Atherosclerosis Development.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

The Role of Mitochondrial Mutations and Chronic Inflammation in Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus and related disorders significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the advances in the current therapeutic methods, further development of anti-diabetic therapies is necessary. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be implicated in diabetes development.

The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Vascular Disease, Tumorigenesis, and Diabetes.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be associated with a wide range of human pathologies, such as cancer, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. One of the possible ways of mitochondrial involvement in the cellular damage is excessive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) that cannot be effectively neutralized by existing antioxidant systems. In mitochondria, ROS and RNS can contribute to protein and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage causing failure of enzymatic chains and mutations that can impair mitochondrial function.

ACE2 Is an Adjacent Element of Atherosclerosis and COVID-19 Pathogenesis.

COVID-19 is a highly contagious new infection caused by the single-stranded RNA Sars-CoV-2 virus. For the first time, this infection was recorded in December 2019 in the Chinese province of Wuhan. The virus presumably crossed the interspecies barrier and passed to humans from a bat.

Mitochondrial Mutations and Genetic Factors Determining NAFLD Risk.

NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is a widespread liver disease that is often linked with other life-threatening ailments (metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, obesity, and others) and canprogress to more severe forms, such as NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), cirrhosis, and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma). In this review, we summarized and analyzed data about single nucleotide polymorphism sites, identified in genes related to NAFLD development and progression. Additionally, the causative role of mitochondrial mutations and mitophagy malfunctions in NAFLD is discussed.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Chronic Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting a vast population worldwide; it is linked with anovulation, mitochondrial dysfunctions and hormonal disbalance. Mutations in mtDNA have been identified in PCOS patients and likely play an important role in PCOS aetiology and pathogenesis; however, their causative role in PCOS development requires further investigation. As a low-grade chronic inflammation disease, PCOS patients have permanently elevated levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18).

Disturbance of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitochondrial Therapies in Atherosclerosis.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of chronic human disorders, including atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo constant turnover in living cells. Through the processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion, a functional population of mitochondria is maintained, that responds to the energy needs of the cell.

Role of Telomeres Shortening in Atherogenesis: An Overview.

It is known that the shortening of the telomeres leads to cell senescence, accompanied by acquiring of pro-inflammatory phenotype. The expression of telomerase can elongate telomeres and resist the onset of senescence. The initiation of atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with local senescence of the endothelial cells of the arteries in places with either low or multidirectional oscillatory wall shear stress.

Involvement of Oxidative Stress and the Innate Immune System in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

The emergence of the novel coronavirus in December 2019 in China marked the beginning of a pandemic that impacted healthcare systems and economic life all over the world. The virus primarily targets the respiratory system causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in some patients, and therefore received the name of SARS-CoV-2. The pathogen stands out among other coronaviruses by its rapid transmission from human to human, with the majority of infected individuals being asymptomatic or presenting with only minor illness, therefore facilitating the pathogen spread.

[Cardiovascular nutrition: disease management and prevention as major public health problem nowadays].

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in many developed countries. At the same time, nutrition is the basis of preventive cardiology. Earlier researches were focused on the importance of individual nutrients, including saturated fats, sodium, and dietary fiber, or certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, fish, and olive oil, in the development of СVD.

[Chemical food safety: development of methodological and regulatory base].

The review presents the results of studies carried out in the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology in the direction of food toxicology, the purpose of which was to improve the risk assessment methodology, substantiate hygienic regulations for the content of chemical contaminants in foodstuffs and develop methods for their detection and quantitative determination. New challenges and problems associated with the control and regulation of chemical contaminants in foods are associated, firstly, with the identification of previously unrecognized chemical factors harmful to human health, and, secondly, are caused by the progress of technologies, accompanied by the emergence of new sources of nutrients and methods of processing foodstuffs, which, along with many benefits and advantages, creates new potential risks to consumer health. Among the priority chemical pollutants, which should be mentioned currently as objects of improved regulation and control methods, are toxic elements (organic and inorganic forms of arsenic, mercury, nickel), veterinary drugs, phycotoxins, phytotoxins, new mycotoxins, various forms of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, biologically active substances of plant origin, concentrated during the production of extracts, as well as so-called technological contaminants, food additives, residual amounts of technological aids.

DHA-Induced Perturbation of Human Serum Metabolome. Role of the Food Matrix and Co-Administration of Oat β-glucan and Anthocyanins.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been reported to have a positive impact on many diet-related disease risks, including metabolic syndrome. Although many DHA-enriched foods have been marketed, the impact of different food matrices on the effect of DHA is unknown. As well, the possibility to enhance DHA effectiveness through the co-administration of other bioactives has seldom been considered.