The relationship between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and extrapyramidal side effects with haloperidol and olanzapine.

Atypical neuroleptics present a unique opportunity to examine confounding by neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in the assessment of negative signs of schizophrenia. EPS, such as facial bradykinesia and akinesia, involve some of the same response systems and phenomena as emotional display channels. EPS are attributed to the blockade of dopamine receptors in the striatum by traditional neuroleptics.

Abnormal gait in neurologic disease.

For most people, walking is an automatic, unconscious activity, characteristic of each individual. Patterns of gait can be reflective of a person's body structure, occupation, and personality, as well as health status. Most parents who watch an infant beginning to walk realize that locomotion is a highly complex, learned process.

Co-management of patients with hypertension.

Information provided by doctors of optometry to the primary care providers of patients with hypertension provides one of the few objective means of assessing the status of these patients. The optometrist may also be the first to suspect primary or secondary hypertension in the course of a comprehensive eye examination. In this paper the pathophysiology of essential, malignant, and secondary hypertension is reviewed.

The optometric assessment of neurologic function.

Background: As a direct extension of the nervous system, the eye may be involved in a number of nervous system diseases and disorders.

Methods: The previous ophthalmic and medical literature was evaluated and organized into an orderly review of the literature with recommendations for the examination of patients with neurologic dysfunctions.

Results: Many of the appropriate tests for the assessment of neurologic function can be readily performed by optometrists in the clinical setting.