Impact of Demographics on Regional Visual Field Loss and Deterioration in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To elucidate the impact of demographics, including gender, race, ethnicity, and preferred language, on regional visual field (VF) loss and progression in glaucoma.

Methods: Multivariable linear mixed regressions were performed to determine the impact of race, ethnicity, and preferred language on regional VF loss with adjustment for age and gender. Regional VF loss was defined by pointwise total deviation values and VF loss patterns quantified by an unsupervised machine learning method termed archetypal analysis.

Transformer-Based Deep Learning Prediction of 10-Degree Humphrey Visual Field Tests From 24-Degree Data.

Purpose: To predict 10-2 Humphrey visual fields (VFs) from 24-2 VFs and associated non-total deviation features using deep learning.

Methods: We included 5189 reliable 24-2 and 10-2 VF pairs from 2236 patients, and 28,409 reliable pairs of macular OCT scans and 24-2 VF from 19,527 eyes of 11,560 patients. We developed a transformer-based deep learning model using 52 total deviation values and nine VF test features to predict 68 10-2 total deviation values.

Description of a Nonhuman Primate Model of Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Purpose: To establish an inducible model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RI/RI) in nonhuman primates (NHPs) to improve our understanding of the disease conditions and evaluate treatment interventions in humans.

Methods: We cannulated the right eye of rhesus macaques with a needle attached to a normal saline solution reservoir at up to 1.9 m above the eye level that resulted in high intraocular pressure of over 100 mm Hg for 90 minutes.

How do we teach generative artificial intelligence to medical educators? Pilot of a faculty development workshop using ChatGPT.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) is already impacting the practice of medicine and it is therefore important for future healthcare professionals and medical educators to gain experience with the benefits, limitations, and applications of this technology. The purpose of this project was to develop, implement, and evaluate a faculty development workshop on generative AI using ChatGPT, to familiarise participants with AI.

Materials And Methods: A brief workshop introducing faculty to generative AI and its applications in medical education was developed for preclinical clinical skills preceptors at our institution.

Treatment rate of strabismus and amblyopia is associated with the location of pediatric ophthalmologists in the United States.

Purpose: To determine whether the geographic density of pediatric ophthalmologists is associated with the rate of children treated for strabismus and amblyopia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included children treated for strabismus and amblyopia 0-17 years of age with commercial insurance who were included in the Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System. Additionally, pediatric ophthalmologists by state were determined using the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus website.

Comparison of Structural and Functional Features in Primary Angle Closure and Open Angle Glaucomas.

Prcis: Using a large data set, we showed structural and functional differences between primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Primary angle closure glaucoma has relative structural preservation and worse functional loss inferiorly.

Purpose: To identify structural and functional differences in PACG and POAG.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Disrupts Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Dynamics and Causes Corneal Endothelial Cell Apoptosis.

Purpose: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress are independently associated with corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) loss in many corneal diseases, including Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). However, the role of ER stress in mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to CEnC apoptosis is unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the crosstalk between ER and mitochondrial stress in CEnC.

Creating ophthalmology experiences in undergraduate medical education: pilot of a cased-based learning ophthalmology tool.

Purpose: To evaluate medical student perceptions of a novel ophthalmology resource delivered through facilitated workshops in the core clerkship curriculum.

Methods: We created www.2020sim.

Orbital floor fractures in Taiwan: A 10-year nationwide population-based study.

Purpose: To characterize the epidemiology, associated complications, and risk factors of orbital floor fractures in a nationwide longitudinal health insurance database.

Materials And Methods: Claims data from a million randomly selected registered residents from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were analyzed between 2001 and 2011 as part of a retrospective cohort review. Patients were identified using the International Classification of Disease-9 diagnosis codes for orbital floor fracture (closed: 802.

Anthropometric Measures and Their Relationship to Steep Cornea in the United States Population.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric measures and steep cornea.

Methods: Participants from the 1999 to 2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey visual examination were included (20,165 subjects). Cases had a mean dioptric power, averaged across the meridians, ≥ 48.

Kahook Dual Blade versus Trabectome (KVT): Comparing Outcomes in Combination with Cataract Surgery.

Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) versus Trabectome with cataract surgery in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and medications used by patients with glaucoma.

Methods: Retrospective chart review comparing eyes after KDB or Trabectome with cataract surgery at 2 academic centers. Surgical success was defined as IOP <21 mmHg with ≥20% IOP reduction at post-operative month 12 (POM12).

Assessing Surface Shapes of the Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Glaucoma with Artificial Intelligence.

Purpose: To assess 3-dimensional surface shape patterns of the optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucoma with unsupervised artificial intelligence (AI).

Design: Retrospective study.

Participants: Patients with OCT scans obtained between 2016 and 2020 from Massachusetts Eye and Ear.

Ophthalmology Education Leadership Attitudes Toward Mentorship of Female Medical Students.

Purpose: Numerous studies have emphasized the influence of gender-specific mentors in medical students' career decisions, but this has not been explored fully in ophthalmology. Therefore, this study evaluated ophthalmology educators' attitudes toward female mentorship, to better understand how this may relate to medical students' career development and training.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Medical Student Attitudes Toward the Use of Peer Physical Exam for Learning Fundoscopy.

 Peer physical examination learning is commonly practiced in medical schools during preclinical curricula and has been shown to improve empathy for patients. While there is literature regarding medical student attitudes toward peer physical exam learning, no studies to date have specifically examined student attitudes toward fundoscopy and dilation of the eyes for the purposes of learning fundoscopy. This study evaluates medical student preferences with regards to learning fundoscopy on peers and explores attitudes toward alternate approaches.

Development of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma-Like Features in a Rhesus Macaque Colony From Southern China.

Purpose: To describe the ocular phenotype of spontaneous glaucoma in a non-human primate colony.

Methods: In total, 722 Rhesus macaque monkeys aged 10 to 25 years underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography (FP), and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. Monkeys with baseline cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) <0.

Burden of Trabeculectomy and Glaucoma Drainage Implantation after Laser Trabeculoplasty: A Two-Year Follow-up Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the burden of incisional glaucoma surgery (trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage device implantation) after laser trabeculoplasty (LTP) in the United States.

Design: Retrospective, matched, case-comparison study.

Participants: Medicare beneficiaries who underwent LTP between January 2012 and December 2014 were identified using the 5% Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey.

Genetic pleiotropy of ERCC6 loss-of-function and deleterious missense variants links retinal dystrophy, arrhythmia, and immunodeficiency in diverse ancestries.

Biobanks with exomes linked to electronic health records (EHRs) enable the study of genetic pleiotropy between rare variants and seemingly disparate diseases. We performed robust clinical phenotyping of rare, putatively deleterious variants (loss-of-function [LoF] and deleterious missense variants) in ERCC6, a gene implicated in inherited retinal disease. We analyzed 213,084 exomes, along with a targeted set of retinal, cardiac, and immune phenotypes from two large-scale EHR-linked biobanks.

Genetic variation affects morphological retinal phenotypes extracted from UK Biobank optical coherence tomography images.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) enables non-invasive imaging of the retina and is used to diagnose and manage ophthalmic diseases including glaucoma. We present the first large-scale genome-wide association study of inner retinal morphology using phenotypes derived from OCT images of 31,434 UK Biobank participants. We identify 46 loci associated with thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer or ganglion cell inner plexiform layer.

Ophthalmology Services at Student-Run Free Clinics: A National Survey.

Importance: Student-run free clinics (SRFCs) primarily service the uninsured and are a unique way for medical students to gain hands-on exposure to ophthalmology. The free clinic model takes many different forms- some with episodic and longitudinal models-- and this is mirrored in corresponding eye services.

Objective: To describe SRFC ophthalmology services nationwide.

Predicting eyes at risk for rapid glaucoma progression based on an initial visual field test using machine learning.

Objective: To assess whether machine learning algorithms (MLA) can predict eyes that will undergo rapid glaucoma progression based on an initial visual field (VF) test.

Design: Retrospective analysis of longitudinal data.

Subjects: 175,786 VFs (22,925 initial VFs) from 14,217 patients who completed ≥5 reliable VFs at academic glaucoma centers were included.

Variability and Power to Detect Progression of Different Visual Field Patterns.

Purpose: To compare the variability and ability to detect visual field (VF) progression of 24-2, central 12 locations of the 24-2 and 10-2 VF tests in eyes with abnormal VFs.

Design: Retrospective, multisite cohort.

Participants: A total of 52 806 24-2 and 11 966 10-2 VF tests from 7307 eyes from the Glaucoma Research Network database were analyzed.

A Virtual Clinical Reasoning Case for Medical Students Using an Ophthalmology Model: A Case of Red Eye.

Introduction: Triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, medical education has moved online, tasking medical educators with developing virtual learning experiences. This is particularly challenging for less-represented disciplines, such as ophthalmology. We designed a red eye clinical reasoning case for preclinical medical students, which can be delivered virtually, using video conference software.