Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes: a narrative review.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is the most common chronic disease among elite athletes and when left untreated, can impact both respiratory health and sports performance. In recent years, there has been an increase in the awareness and detection of EIB in elite athletes. This narrative review aims to evaluate the risk, prevention, diagnosis, medication, and anti-doping policies of EIB in elite athletes, and to provide more references for athletes with EIB.

An Overview on the Primary Factors That Contribute to Non-Allergic Asthma in Children.

The prevalence of non-allergic asthma in childhood is low, peaking in late adulthood. It is triggered by factors other than allergens, like cold and dry air, respiratory infections, hormonal changes, smoke and air pollution. In the literature, there are few studies that describe non-allergic asthma in pediatric age.

Asthma in elite athletes - do they have Type 2 or non-Type 2 disease? A new insight on the endotypes among elite athletes.

Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction are highly prevalent in elite athletes compared with the general population. Some athletes have classic asthma with allergic sensitization; however, it seems that a proportion of athletes develop asthma as a result of several years of intensive training. It leads us to believe that asthma in athletes consists of at least two distinct endotypes - classic early-onset, Type 2 mediated asthma, and asthma with later onset caused by exercise which might be classified as non-Type 2 asthma.

Impulse oscillometry (IOS) for detection of exercise induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma ages 6-15 years.

Objectives: To determine the discriminatory value of various impulse oscillometry (IOS) parameters, and to find the cutoff value of the appropriate parameter for identifying exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in children with asthma.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in India from October 2016 to March 2018 in children with asthma who were 6-15 years of age. One hundred and five children were enrolled and subjected to pre-exercise IOS and spirometry followed by free running treadmill test as an exercise challenge.

Physical Training Reduces Chronic Airway Inflammation and Mediators of Remodeling in Asthma.

Several benefits of aerobic training for asthmatic patients have been demonstrated. However, its effects on systemic inflammation and on airway remodeling mediators and lung mechanics are unknown. This prospective study included 21 intermittent and mild asthma patients, and as primary outcomes, the evaluation of pro- and anti-inflammatory and pro- and antifibrotic mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and blood were performed, beyond the cell counting in blood and in induced sputum.

The Impact of Meal Dietary Inflammatory Index on Exercise-Induced Changes in Airway Inflammation in Adults with Asthma.

Research suggests exercise may reduce eosinophilic airway inflammation in adults with asthma. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) quantifies the inflammatory potential of the diet and has been associated with asthma outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether the DII of a meal consumed either before or after exercise influences exercise-induced changes in airway inflammation.

Sensitivity of FEV and Clinical Parameters in Children With a Suspected Asthma Diagnosis.

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and a robust diagnosis is crucial to optimize patient care and reduce its burden. To diagnose asthma in children, the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommendations propose a 12% improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV) after a bronchodilation test. Nevertheless, such a criterion is rarely confirmed in these patients in clinical practice.

[General practitioners' management of childhood asthma in Sfax, Tunisia].

Aims: To study primary care physicians' attitudes toward childhood asthma management and their adherence to international guidelines.

Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey conducted among 400 primary care physicians practicing in the governorate of Sfax. Data collection was done through a self-administered questionnaire with 36 questions.

Response to high-altitude triggers in seasonal asthmatics on and off inhaled corticosteroid treatment.

Background: Due to the effects of climate change, winter sport enthusiasts will be increasingly forced to stay at higher altitudes. High altitude (HA) environmental factors such as cold temperature, physical exertion, and hypoxia with subsequent hypocapnia due to hyperventilation have been shown to induce bronchoconstriction. With bronchial asthma being highly prevalent, asthmatics also will be increasingly exposed to HA environment and might experience increasing symptoms.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in university field hockey athletes: Prevalence, sex differences, and associations with dyspnea symptoms.

Introduction: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a prevalent condition in athletes. EIB screening studies identify many athletes with undiagnosed EIB. Moreover, there is a poor relationship between EIB and dyspnea symptoms recalled from memory.

Physiological Cooperation between Aquaporin 5 and TRPV4.

Aquaporins-among them, AQP5-are responsible for transporting water across biological membranes, which is an important process in all living organisms. The transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPV4) is a cation channel that is mostly calcium-permeable and can also be activated by osmotic stimuli. It plays a role in a number of different functions in the body, e.

NSAID Hypersensitivity in the Pediatric Population: Classification and Diagnostic Strategies.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently administered drugs, mainly for their anti-pyretic, but also for pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects in children. NSAIDs are composed of structurally divergent subgroups of drugs with similar pharmacological and adverse effects. Aspirin originates from salicin and was the first synthesized analgesic.

Diagnostic work-up of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction.

Purpose: Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is suspected when dyspnea associated with upper airway symptoms is triggered by exercise. This condition affects mainly adolescent athletes. Visualization of the obstruction, while the patient is experiencing the symptoms during continuous laryngoscopy during exercise (CLE-test) is the gold standard for diagnosing EILO.

Physical activity, physical capacity and sedentary behavior among asthma patients.

: Although exercise and daily physical activity (PA) have long been known to benefit patients with chronic disorders, knowledge is limited regarding asthma. : In a Danish setting, our aim was to measure physical activity, sedentary behavior, and physical capacity among patients with asthma. We hypothesized that people with severe asthma would be less active and more sedentary than their mild-moderate counterparts.

Exercise induced bronchodilation: a phenomenon more common, greater magnitude and more prolonged in older adults than in adolescents.

Objective: There are few studies in clinically healthy subjects describing and quantifying exercise-induced bronchodilation (EIB). This study aimed to describe and compare the magnitude and time course changes in post-exercise forced expired volume at the first second (FEV) in healthy adolescents, younger adults, and older adults.

Methods: Adolescent ( = 73, aged 10-17 years), younger adult ( = 35, aged 18-25 years), and older adult ( = 25, aged 35-66 years) subjects with normal spirometry z-scores completed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test using the standardized exponential exercise test protocol on a cycle ergometer performed at stable temperature and humidity.

Adolescent Athletes at Risk of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction: A Result of Training or Pre-Existing Asthma?

Exercise may trigger bronchoconstriction, especially in a group of athletes in whom bronchospasm during exercise is reported to occur more frequently than in nonathletes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and environmental risk factors contributing to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in adolescent athletes. A prospective study was conducted among a group of 101 adolescent athletes who underwent spirometry, exercise challenge, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements, and allergy assessment.

Fish oil blunts lung function decrements induced by acute exposure to ozone in young healthy adults: A randomized trial.

Background: Over one-third of the U.S. population is exposed to unsafe levels of ozone (O).

Evaluation of Allergenicity on a ω-5 Gliadin-Deficient Cultivar in Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis.

Purpose: ω-5 gliadin is the major allergen that causes wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). Recently, a missing mutant wheat cultivar at 1B chromosome and closely linked was bred. This cultivar (ω5D) has a deficiency in ω-5 and γ-gliadins as well as some low-molecular-weight glutenins.

Comparing the Effect of Acute Moderate and Vigorous Exercise on Inflammation in Adults with Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Exercise is associated with improvements in asthma; however, the mechanisms responsible are not clear. Exercise induces changes in systemic inflammation, and it is possible that these inflammatory effects extend to the airways of people with asthma. Studies in healthy adults suggest inflammatory responses are dependent on exercise intensity: Although acute moderate exercise is antiinflammatory, acute vigorous exercise appears to be neutral or proinflammatory.

Comparison between impulse oscillometry parameters and spirometry for the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children and adolescents.

Introduction: Impulse oscillometry (IOS) parameters are obtained more easily and effortlessly in comparison to forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1).

Objective: To compare IOS parameters to FEV1 in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) diagnosis.

Methods: Seventy-four (60.

Clinical features and outcomes of patients with wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a retrospective study.

Background: Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is a serious and potentially life-threatening form of wheat allergy. Further episodes can only be prevented by avoiding wheat ingestion or avoiding exercise after wheat intake. Anaphylaxis may recur in some patients post-diagnosis.

Epinephrine evokes shortening of human airway smooth muscle cells following β adrenergic receptor desensitization.

Epinephrine (EPI), an endogenous catecholamine involved in the body's fight-or-flight responses to stress, activates α-adrenergic receptors (αARs) expressed on various organs to evoke a wide range of physiological functions, including vasoconstriction. In the smooth muscle of human bronchi, however, the functional role of EPI on αARs remains controversial. Classically, evidence suggests that EPI promotes bronchodilation by stimulating β-adrenergic receptors (βARs).

Chlorine exposure and intensive exercise induces airway hyperreactivity in a 3-week murine exercise model.

Rationale: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is defined as acute narrowing of the airways during or immediately after exercise. EIB has a high prevalence in elite swimmers probably due to the high ventilation rate and exposure to the chlorine by-products. It is still puzzling which pathophysiological mechanisms drive EIB.