Adult Pharmacy Costs and Characteristics of Very High-Cost Prescription Drug Users in the United States, 2018-2022.

Objective: This study sought to identify: (1) the demographic and clinical characteristics of very high-cost users (defined as patients with pharmaceutical expenditures that were equal to or greater than the 99th percentile), (2) whether or not these characteristics changed over time, (3) sociodemographic and clinical correlates of being very high-cost users, (4) the average pharmaceutical costs of very-high cost users, and (5) the therapeutic classes and medications that contributed to these high costs.

Background: There are growing public concerns about rising drug costs, in part due to increased availability, greater effectiveness, and market considerations. There is a concentrated portion of patients that accounts for a disproportionately large portion of pharmaceutical expenditures.

Cardiodiabesity: Epidemiology, resource and economic impact.

Objective: To assess i) the epidemiology of cardiodiabesity, ii) its association with healthcare resource utilization and cost of care, as well as iii) provide recommendations for its management.

Methods: A cohort study of insured adults with early-stage and/or active cardiodiabesity from January 2019 to December 2021 identified through a longitudinal, and de-identified medical and pharmacy claims database was conducted. All patients were followed for one year through December 2022.

Energy in the workplace: job demands, job resources, and employees' inner resources as pathways to organizational outcomes.

In this study, we expanded upon the job demands-resources model to assess the role of employees' vitality as an inner resource for their work engagement and job commitment. To assess vitality and related job resources, we developed an index of vitality outside of work and adapted measures of manager autonomy support and organizational support. For job demands, we measured work stress and predicted that each of these four variables would contribute independently to work-related outcomes.

Disease-Modifying Medications in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in the USA: Trends from 2016 to 2021.

Background: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), since their introduction in 1990, have revolutionized the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Newer DMARDs have recently been approved, influencing treatment patterns and clinical guidelines.

Objective: To update the current prescribing patterns of DMARDs in the pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to include the pandemic era.

Prevalence and Predictors of Multimodal Treatment Among U.S. Adults Newly Diagnosed With ADHD.

Introduction: Although a combined treatment of prescription medication and psychotherapy provides long-term benefits for adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the prevalence of receiving such multimodal treatment. This study investigated trends in the prevalence and correlates of multimodal treatment among U.S.

Association of PCSK9 Inhibitor Initiation on Statin Adherence and Discontinuation.

Background PCSK9is (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors) are well tolerated, potently lower cholesterol, and decrease cardiovascular events when added to statins. However, statin adherence may decrease after PCSK9i initiation and alter clinical outcomes. We evaluate the association of PCSK9i initiation on statin discontinuation and adherence.

Trends in utilization and costs of migraine medications, 2017-2020.

Objective: This study examines changes in utilization and costs trends associated with migraine medications.

Background: Migraine attacks are a burden to many patients. There are many pharmacotherapy options available with newer migraine drug classes entering the market in the past decade.