Citius, Altius, Fortius vs. Slow Sport: A New Era of Sustainable Sport.

The objective of the article is to present the slow sport movement as a phenomenon developing in the postmodern era in opposition to the idea of citius, altius, fortius (Eng. faster, higher, stronger). The theoretical part of the article describes the health repercussions of slow movement and its implications for the sports industry and sports tourism.

Gender differences and typical nutrition concerns of the diets of preschool children - the results of the first stage of an intervention study.

Background: Nutrition in children has an important influence on health both in childhood and adulthood. Actions aimed at improving children's nutrition are essential, not only to the children and their families, but also to the whole society. The aim of the study was to present the results of nutrient intake before starting a nutrition and physical activity intervention programme, to investigate gender differences in nutrient intake and to discuss whether the preschoolers' nutrient intake is similar to the intake of their peers from other countries.

Review of the studies on nutrition in Polish preschool children. Part 2. Meals prepared at preschool.

This article is the second part of the review of the studies on nutrition in Polish preschool children. In the first part, studies on preschool menus assessment were presented and summarised, whereas this article reviews the studies on the assessment of foods and meals prepared at preschool. The aim of this review was to present and summarise the results of the studies on the assessment of meals prepared for children at preschool based on the reports from the preschool food storeroom, the studies on chemical analysis of sample meals served at preschools and the studies on comparison of the results of chemical analysis to the results obtained by calculations obtained from computer programmes.

Reaction to the sensory integration therapy in children with postural stability deficits.

Background: The goal was to examine the influence of sensory integration therapy (SIT) on one leg standing in children with deficits of the postural stability.

Methods: 28 children 4-6 year old that could not stand on one leg for more than 20 seconds were randomly divided into control "C" and experimental "E" groups. Group "C" participated in standard classes in the kindergarten.

Review of the studies on nutrition in Polish preschool children. Part 1. Preschool menus.

Unlabelled: The last review of the literature on nutrition in Polish children covered the years 1980-1995. From that time living conditions in Poland have changed due to political and economic changes. Attitudes toward eating and healthy life-style have also changed.

The need for modifying energy intake in preschool children from Piła, Poland.

Background: Monitoring energy intake in preschool children is the basis for planning intervention programmes. The published articles in which energy intake in Polish preschool children was reported are still very few.

Objective: The objective was to assess energy intake in preschool children from Piła, including energy intake and intake of energy from macronutrients.

Preschool diets in children from Piła, Poland, require urgent intervention as implied by high risk of nutrient inadequacies.

Background: Among the studies published after the year 2000 which focused on nutrition at preschool, only three aimed to assess children's intake of energy and selected nutrients at preschool. The purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake in children during their stay at preschool.

Methods: The studied population comprised 128 4-6-year-old children who attended preschools in Piła, Poland.

Selected indices of health status in preschool children from Pila and their families as a risk factor of diet-related diseases.

Background: Diet-related diseases have their origin as early as in childhood; therefore, preventing them should start from the first years of life. Each assessment of dietary intake should be preceded by assessment of health status indices, especially familial diet-related diseases prevalence.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse selected indices of health status in preschool children from Pila and their families in order to assess the risk of developing diet-related diseases.

Dietary intake in 6-year-old children from southern Poland: part 2--vitamin and mineral intakes.

Background: Studies on vitamin and mineral intakes in children are very important: firstly because of the high prevalence of diet-related diseases and secondly because of the widespread consumption of highly processed foods which are characterised by high energy content and low density of essential nutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse vitamin and mineral intakes in 6-year-old children from southern Poland.

Methods: Vitamin and mineral intakes were estimated from a three-day food record in 120 children, 64 girls and 56 boys, aged 6 years.

Sprinters versus long-distance runners: how to grow old healthy.

So far, aging studies have concentrated on endurance athletes. Master sprint-trained athletes were not the main focus of attention. We propose the novel hypothesis that the sprint model of lifelong physical training that involves high-intensity exercise is at least as beneficial as moderate-intensity endurance exercise for successful aging.

Dietary intake in 6-year-old children from southern Poland: part 1--energy and macronutrient intakes.

Background: The studies on dietary intake in Polish children are sparse and the information about dietary intake in 6-year-olds in Europe is limited. The published studies on dietary intake in children rarely provide information on the intake of animal protein, plant protein and water. The purpose of the study was to analyse energy and macronutrient intakes in 6-year-old children from southern Poland.

Maximal oxygen uptake is associated with allele -202 A of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) promoter polymorphism and (CA)n tandem repeats of insulin-like growth factor IGF1 in Caucasians from Poland.

Physical fitness is a trait determined by multiple genes, and its genetic basis is modified by numerous environmental factors. The present study examines the effects of the (CA)n tandem repeats polymorphism in IGFI gene and SNP Alw21I restriction site -202 A>C polymorphism in IGF1BP3 on VO2max--a physiological index of aerobic capacity of high heritability. The study sample consisted of 239 (154 male and 85 female) students of the University School of Physical Education in Poznań and athletes practicing various sports, including members of the Polish national team.

CKM Gene G (Ncoi-) Allele Has a Positive Effect on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Caucasian Women Practicing Sports Requiring Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Metabolism.

The search for genes with a positive influence on physical fitness is a difficult process. Physical fitness is a trait determined by multiple genes, and its genetic basis is then modified by numerous environmental factors. The present study examines the effects of the polymorphism of creatine kinase (CKM) gene on VO2max - a physiological index of aerobic capacity of high heritability.

Hypoxanthine as a predictor of performance in highly trained athletes.

Purine metabolism reflects the exercise-induced muscle adaptations and training status. This study evaluated the utility of plasma hypoxanthine in the prediction of actual sport performance. We studied male athletes: 28 triathletes (21.

Genetic variants of uncoupling proteins-2 and -3 in relation to maximal oxygen uptake in different sports.

Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3) as mitochondrial electron transporters are involved in regulation of ATP production and energy dissipation as heat. Energy efficiency plays an important role in physical performance, especially in aerobic fitness. The aim of this study was to examine the association between maximal oxygen uptake and genetic variants of the UCP2 and UCP3 genes.

Alterations in purine metabolism in middle-aged elite, amateur, and recreational runners across a 1-year training cycle.

Changes in purine derivatives may be considered as signs of training-induced metabolic adaptations. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a 1-year training cycle on the response of hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration and Hx-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity. Three groups of middle-aged male runners were examined: 11 elite master runners (EL; 46.

Gas exchange threshold in male speed-power versus endurance athletes ages 20-90 years.

Purpose: This cross-sectional study compared the oxygen uptake at the gas exchange threshold (GET) and its relation to age between highly trained competitive speed-power athletes (SP), endurance athletes, and untrained participants.

Methods: A total of 199 men ages 20-90 yr were examined: 51 SP, 87 endurance runners (ER), and 61 untrained individuals (UT). Physiological parameters at GET were obtained during a graded treadmill test until exhaustion: oxygen uptake (V˙O2GET), HRGET, and oxygen pulse (O2 PulseGET).

Aerobic capacity in speed-power athletes aged 20-90 years vs endurance runners and untrained participants.

We studied relationships between age and aerobic capacity in three groups of subjects adhering to different exercise modalities. A total of 203 men aged 20-90 years were examined: 52 speed-power track and field athletes (SP), 89 endurance runners (ER) and 62 untrained individuals (UT). Maximal exercise characteristics were obtained during a graded treadmill test until exhaustion: oxygen uptake (VO2max), heart rate (HRmax), oxygen pulse (O2 Pulsemax) and maximal distance (Distmax).

The relationship between physical fitness, urine iodine status, and body-mass index in 6- to 7-year-old Polish children.

The aim of this study was to assess physical fitness in 6- to 7-yr-old children and determine if there is any relationship between children's physical fitness, their urine iodine status, and their body-mass index (BMI). The studied population included 121 children from southern Poland. Physical fitness was measured using a physical fitness test for children age 3-7 yr.

Helminths of hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus and E. roumanicus from Poznań region, Poland--coprological study.

Fecal samples from the hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus (15 samples) and E. roumanicus (44 samples) collected in the Poznań region of Poland were examined. Endoparasites were isolated using Sheather's flotation technique.

Recommended method for recovery of Toxocara and other geohelminth eggs from soil.

The flotation method elaborated for recovery of Toxocara and other geohelminth eggs from soil is described. Soil samples of about 500 ml volume are picked from 3-cm superficial layer of the ground. In the laboratory, 40 g of dry and sifted material is analysed according to following procedure: 1 h standing, 20 minutes shaking and 3 minutes centrifugation (1500 rpm) in 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), then centrifugation, like above, with H2O for washing the sample and next with the saturated sodium nitrate (NaNO3) for flotation the eggs.

Eggs of Toxocara spp. in the environment and their public health implications.

The high prevalence of Toxocara in cats, dogs and foxes results in the contamination of soil with infective eggs of Toxocara spp. which are found in soil samples from public and private places worldwide. In Poland the most contaminated areas were city backyards where 38-53% of soil samples were positive, especially in the spring.