Bias Sensitivity in Diagnostic Decision-Making: Comparing ChatGPT with Residents.

Background: Diagnostic errors, often due to biases in clinical reasoning, significantly affect patient care. While artificial intelligence chatbots like ChatGPT could help mitigate such biases, their potential susceptibility to biases is unknown.

Methods: This study evaluated diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT against the performance of 265 medical residents in five previously published experiments aimed at inducing bias.

Diet quality during pregnancy, adolescent brain morphology, and cognitive performance in a population-based cohort.

Background: Diet quality during pregnancy may affect offspring's neurobiology and cognitive performance in childhood. However, little is known about underlying mechanisms and potential long-term effects.

Objectives: To examine associations of diet quality during pregnancy with offspring pre- and early-adolescent brain morphology and to investigate whether brain morphology mediates associations of diet quality during pregnancy with full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) in early adolescence.

Shared Patterns of Cognitive Control Behavior and Electrophysiological Markers in Adolescence.

Behavioral parameters obtained from cognitive control tasks have been linked to electrophysiological markers. Yet, most previous research has investigated only a few specific behavioral parameters at a time. An integrated approach with simultaneous consideration of multiple aspects of behavior may better elucidate the development and function of cognitive control.

Association and mediation pathways of maternal hyperglycaemia and liability to gestational diabetes with neonatal outcomes: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Aims: Maternal hyperglycemia is linked to adverse neonatal outcomes. However, current evidence was insufficient for mechanistic pathways. We aim to use two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the causal association and mediation pathways.

Delay discounting in adolescence depends on whom you wait for: Evidence from a functional neuroimaging study.

With age, adolescents increasingly demonstrate the ability to forgo immediate, smaller rewards in favor of larger delayed rewards, indicating reduced delay discounting. Adolescence is also a time of social reorientation, where decisions not only involve weighing immediate against future outcomes, but also consequences for self versus those for others. In this functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study, we examined the neural correlates of immediate and delayed reward choices where the delayed outcomes could benefit self, friends, or unknown others.

Network analytical investigation of relationships between symptoms of common mental disorders among refugees and asylum seekers in Türkiye.

Aims: Forcibly displaced people, such as refugees and asylum-seekers (RAS), are at higher risk of mental disorders, mainly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. Little is known about the complex relationships between these mental disorders among culturally and linguistically diverse RAS. To investigate this, the present study applied a novel network analytical approach to examine and compare the central and bridge symptoms within and between PTSD, depression and anxiety among Afghan and Syrian RAS in Türkiye.

Sown Without Care: Dutch Eugenicists and their Call for Optimising Developmental Conditions, 1919-1939.

This paper explains the coexistence of concerns about hereditary degeneration and opposition to reproductive intervention such as sterilisation in Dutch eugenic discourse during the interwar years. Based on an analysis of textbooks, periodical publications and printed lectures, I will show how eugenicists positioned themselves within the domain of public health by framing their domain of inquiry as a pivotal addition to curative medicine and sanitary reform. Dutch eugenicists rendered this symbiotic relationship conceptually plausible by combining criticism of genetic determinism and Lamarckian viewpoints on heredity.

Fostering Shared Decision-Making Between Patients and Health Care Professionals in Clinical Practice Guidelines: Protocol for a Project to Develop and Test a Tool for Guideline Developers.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are designed to assist health care professionals in medical decision-making, but they often lack effective integration of shared decision-making (SDM) principles to reflect patient values and preferences, particularly in the context of preference-sensitive CPG recommendations. To address this shortcoming and foster SDM through CPGs, the integration of patient decision aids (PDAs) into CPGs has been proposed as an important strategy. However, methods for systematically identifying and prioritizing CPG recommendations relevant to SDM and related decision support tools are currently lacking.

The administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors via an elastomeric pump versus conventional intravenous infusion: an economic perspective.

Background: Recent studies have underscored the potential of innovative administration methods to mitigate the capacity burden on healthcare systems, without compromising the quality of care. This study assessed and compared the resource utilization and associated costs of two distinct administration modes of immune checkpoint inhibitors: the innovative elastomeric pump and conventional intravenous infusion. This comparison can inform sustainable healthcare practices and healthcare decision-making to optimize treatment efficiency in an era of escalating healthcare demands.

The impact of the multicomponent "Healthy and Vital" 3-month lifestyle intervention in health professionals: a single group pre-(multiple) post-study.

Background: Working in healthcare often involves stressful situations and a high workload, and many healthcare workers experience burnout complaints or suffer from mental or physical problems. This also affects the overall quality of health care. Many previous workplace interventions focused on knowledge exchange instead of other health cognitions, and were not particularly effective.

Policy evaluation and the causal analysis of public support.

Support for initially unpopular policies may grow over time.

Beyond hazard ratios: appropriate statistical methods for quantifying the clinical effectiveness of immune-oncology therapies - the example of the Netherlands.

Background: The Dutch Committee for the Evaluation of Oncological Drugs evaluates the effectiveness of new oncological treatments. The committee compares survival endpoints to the so-called PASKWIL-2023 criteria for palliative treatments, which define if treatment effects are considered clinically relevant. A positive recommendation depends on whether the median overall survival (OS) is below or above 12 months in the comparator arm.

Non-native language comprehenders encode implied shapes of objects in memory.

Barsalou (1999) proposes that conceptual knowledge is represented by mental simulations containing perceptual information derived from actual experiences. Although a substantial number of studies have provided evidence consistent with this view in native language comprehension, it remains unclear whether the non-native language comprehension processes also include mental simulations. The current study successfully replicates the shape match effect in sentence-picture verification (Zwaan et al.

The mental health of European adolescents with vs. without a migration background (2013-2024)-a systematic review.

Migration has been associated with both adverse and potentially beneficial mental health outcomes, with varying impacts on adolescents. With great flux in European migrations streams, an update is required of its effects on adolescent mental health. This systematic review provides an overview of the relationship between migration background (first, second, and third generation) and psychopathology for youth aged 12-25 living in Europe.

Assessment of non-myelotoxic agents as a preparatory regimen for hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy.

RAG2 deficiency is characterized by a lack of B and T lymphocytes, causing severe lethal infections. Currently, RAG2 deficiency is treated with a Hematopoietic Stem Cell transplantation (HSCT). Most conditioning regimens used before HSCT consist of alkylating myelotoxic agents with or without irradiation and affect growth and development of pediatric patients.

Developing a European framework for the prevention of communicable diseases: three points for attention.

The capacity to deliver programmes that prevent and control infectious diseases is a key public health function. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) aims to support and strengthen this capacity in European Union/ European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries as part of its 2021-27 strategy which includes explicit attention to social and behavioural aspects of disease prevention. To achieve its strategic goals, it is important that ECDC improves its knowledge of prevention strategies, actors and activities in EU/EEA countries.

Subaltern housing policies: Accommodating migrant workers in wealthy Geneva.

In the wealthy and orderly city of Geneva, Switzerland, accommodation centres built in haste between the 1950s and the 1980s to house seasonal guestworkers from southern Europe are still standing and still inhabited. Today's residents are precarious workers, undocumented or with temporary permits as well as asylum seekers. While the seasonal status disappeared in the early 2000s, the demand for low-skilled, flexible labour did not.

A qualitative focus group study on legal experts' views regarding euthanasia requests based on an advance euthanasia directive.

Background: The Dutch Euthanasia law permits euthanasia in patients with advanced dementia lacking decisional capacity based on advance euthanasia directives. Nevertheless, physicians encounter difficulties assessing the criteria for due care in such cases. This study explores the perspectives of legal experts on the fulfillment of these criteria and the potential for additional legal guidance to support physicians' decision-making processes.

Social processes as the missing link: cross-sectionally testing a conceptual model on social mediators of early psychopathological development.

Background: Research suggests that most mental health conditions have their onset in the critically social period of adolescence. Yet, we lack understanding of the potential social processes underlying early psychopathological development. We propose a conceptual model where daily-life social interactions and social skills form an intermediate link between known risk and protective factors (adverse childhood experiences, bullying, social support, maladaptive parenting) and psychopathology in adolescents - that is explored using cross-sectional data.

The Association of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure With Brain Development During the First 1000 Days of Life: A Systematic Review.

Prenatal exposure to alcohol (PAE) can impact short- and long-term offspring health. However, knowledge on PAE and brain development in early life is limited. This systematic review investigated associations between PAE and brain development during the first 1000 days of life, and was registered in PROSPERO at CRD42022355144.

The show must go on: fostering residents' sustainable employability in medical education - a qualitative exploration of the Resident Leadership Program.

Background: Residents' sustainable employability (SE) is threatened by high burn-out rates, sleep deficits, and career dissatisfaction. Medical education may contribute to residents' SE by providing them with opportunities to influence their employment contexts and to develop conscious self-regulation. This paper explores how residents, participating in the Resident Leadership Program (RLP), are enabled to work on, and learn about, their SE.