History of research in Japan on electrocardiography in the racehorse.

Since the first recording of electrocardiograms (ECGs) of a horse in Japan was carried out in 1944, studies on ECGs have been performed intensively. During the early stages of research from the 1950s to 1960s, leads to use for ECG recording were evaluated using several different approaches including unipolar leads, bipolar limb leads, and bipolar chest leads. Based on these studies, the AB lead, which is oriented along the long axis of the heart, became the standard reference method in Japan.

Frequency of and risk factors for epistaxis associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: 251,609 race starts (1992-1997).

Objective: To determine the frequency of epistaxis during or after racing among racehorses and identify factors associated with development of epistaxis.

Design: Retrospective study.

Sample Population: 247,564 Thoroughbred and 4,045 Anglo-Arab race starts.