Direct prion neuroinvasion following inhalation into the nasal cavity.

Inhalation of prions into the nasal cavity is an efficient route of infection. Following inhalation of infectious prions, animals develop disease with a similar incubation period compared with per os exposure, but with greater efficiency. To identify the reason for this increased efficiency, we identified neural structures that uniquely innervate the nasal cavity and neural structures known to mediate neuroinvasion following oral infection and used immunohistochemistry to determine the temporal and spatial accumulation of prions from hamster tissue sections containing cell bodies and axons at 2-week intervals following prion exposure.

Causes and consequences: development and pathophysiology of Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital enteric neuropathy in which the enteric nervous system (ENS) fails to develop along variable lengths of the distal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This aganglionosis results in a functional bowel obstruction and requires surgical resection of the aganglionic segment. Despite surgery, however, long-term bowel dysfunction affects many patients.

Assessment of Biofilm Formation and Anti-Inflammatory Response of a Probiotic Blend in a Cultured Canine Cell Model.

Gut dysbiosis and an inflamed bowel are growing concerns in mammals, including dogs. Probiotic supplements have been used to restore the natural microbial community and improve gastrointestinal health. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial activities, and immunological responses of probiotics are crucial to improving gut health.

High Clinical Burden of spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana.

There is a paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of people living with HIV (PLWH) who are co-infected with spp. in the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era in Ghana. To provide such data, in this observational study, stool samples of 640 HIV-positive and 83 HIV-negative individuals in Ghana were screened for spp.

Antagonistic Effects of Actin-Specific Toxins on Typhimurium Invasion into Mammalian Cells.

Competition between bacterial species is a major factor shaping microbial communities. It is possible but remains largely unexplored that competition between bacterial pathogens can be mediated through antagonistic effects of bacterial effector proteins on host systems, particularly the actin cytoskeleton. Using Typhimurium invasion into cells as a model, we demonstrate that invasion is inhibited if the host actin cytoskeleton is disturbed by actin-specific toxins, namely, MARTX actin crosslinking (ACD) and Rho GTPase inactivation (RID) domains, TccC3, and 's own SpvB.

Identification of Recombinant Aichivirus D in Cattle, Italy.

Kobuviruses (KoVs) are a group of small, non-enveloped RNA viruses classified in the genus within the family, comprising Aichivirus species A to F. KoVs have been identified in humans and several mammals, including domestic ungulates. This study investigated the presence of KoVs in a collection of bovine stool samples ( = 38) obtained from animals with enteritis or without clinical signs.

Management of Hirschsprung's Disease: A Survey with Brazilian Pediatric Surgeons.

Background: Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system clinically manifested by intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period or severe constipation in childhood. Several surveys on HD have been conducted to evaluate experiences in its management around the world. For the first time in Brazil, we analyze and report the management patterns of HD among pediatric surgeons in Brazil.

Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: a large population-based observational study.

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly prevalent and contagious disease, particularly in children under five years old. Its transmission route resembles that of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented to curb viral spread, which may have concurrently reduced HFMD incidence.

Enteric Pathogens in Humans, Domesticated Animals, and Drinking Water in a Low-Income Urban Area of Nairobi, Kenya.

To explore the sources of and associated risks with drinking water contamination in low-income, densely populated urban areas, we collected human feces, domesticated animal feces, and source and stored drinking water samples in Nairobi, Kenya in 2019; and analyzed them using microbial source tracking (MST) and enteric pathogen TaqMan Array Cards (TACs). We established host-pathogen relationships in this setting, including detecting and Norovirus─which are typically associated with humans─in dog feces. We evaluated stored and source drinking water quality using indicator (), MST markers, and TACs, detecting pathogen targets in drinking water that were also detected in specific animal feces.

Neutralizing Antibody-Mediated Protection from Prior Delta Variant Infection Against Omicron BA.5 Sub-Lineage Reinfection One Year Later: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection provides some level of protection against reinfection. However, few studies have evaluated the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response after Delta variant infection and its ability to prevent reinfection with Omicron BA.5 one year later.

The Role of the TRPV4 Channel in Intestinal Physiology and Pathology.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel (TRPV4) is an important member of the TRP superfamily of cation channels. The channel can be activated by different physical and chemical stimuli, such as heat, osmotic, and mechanical stress. It regulates the release of nociceptive peptides (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide), and mediates neurogenic inflammation, which indicates the involvement of TRPV4 as a nociceptor.

Two decades of occurrence of non-pathogenic rabbit lagoviruses in Italy and their genomic characterization.

Lagoviruses are viruses of the Caliciviridae family affecting lagomorphs. Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic lagoviruses affect the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and they are phylogenetically distinguished. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV/GI.

Effect of Bacteroides on Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease (CD), also known as cicatrizing enteritis, is an inflammatory bowel disease that occurs in the distal ileum and right colon of unknown cause and is also called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent years, intestinal biota have been confirmed to play a significant role in various gastrointestinal diseases. Studies have found that intestinal microbiota disorders are closely associated with the onset and progression of Crohn's disease.

Overexpression of TNFα in TNF∆ARE+/- mice increases hepatic periportal inflammation and alters bile acid signaling in mice.

Background: Intestinal inflammation is a common factor in ~70% of patients diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis. The TNF∆ARE+/- mouse overexpresses TNFα and spontaneously develops ileitis after weaning. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of ileitis and TNFα overexpression on hepatic injury, fibrosis, inflammation, and bile acid homeostasis.

Tetracycline resistance gene transfer from Escherichia coli donors to Salmonella Heidelberg in chickens is impacted by the genetic context of donors.

Chicken ceca are a rich source of bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. The microbiota includes strains/species carrying antimicrobial resistance genes and horizontal transfer of resistance determinants between species may increase the risk to public health and farming systems. Possible sources of these antimicrobial resistance donors - the eggshell carrying bacteria from the hen vertically transmitted to the offspring, or the barn environment where chicks are hatched and raised - has been little explored.

The impact of vaccines for diarrhoea on antibiotic use among children in five low-resource settings: a comparative simulation study.

Background: Vaccines for diarrhoea could have the ancillary benefit of preventing antibiotic use. We aimed to quantify and compare the expected impact of enteric vaccines on antibiotic use via Monte Carlo simulations.

Methods: We analysed data from a longitudinal birth cohort, which enrolled children from 2009 to 2012 from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tanzania.

Metals in the gut: microbial strategies to overcome nutritional immunity in the intestinal tract.

Trace metals are indispensable nutritional factors for all living organisms. During host-pathogen interactions, they serve as crucial resources that dictate infection outcomes. Accordingly, the host uses a defense strategy known as nutritional immunity, which relies on coordinated metal chelation to mitigate bacterial advances.

Meta-atlas of Juvenile and Adult Enteric Neuron scRNA-seq for Dataset Comparisons and Consensus on Transcriptomic Definitions of Enteric Neuron Subtypes.

Background: The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of interconnected ganglia within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Among its diverse functions, the ENS detects bowel luminal contents and coordinates the passing of stool. ENS defects predispose to GI motility disorders.

Integrated responses of the SIP syncytium generate a major motility pattern in the colon.

The peristaltic reflex has been a central concept in gastrointestinal motility; however, evidence was published recently suggesting that post-stimulus responses that follow inhibitory neural responses provide the main propulsive force in colonic motility. This new concept was based on experiments on proximal colon where enteric inhibitory neural inputs are mainly nitrergic. However, the nature of inhibitory neural inputs changes from proximal to distal colon where purinergic inhibitory regulation dominates.