First record of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Alberta: expanding distributions and ecotype patterns in a western Canadian province.

Culex pipiens is an invasive mosquito found in temperate regions globally. It is considered among the most important disease vectors worldwide and is responsible for the transmission of a range of pathogens, including West Nile virus, avian malaria, Saint Louis encephalitis, and filarial worms. Throughout its northern temperate range, this mosquito is found in 2 ecotypes: form pipiens and form molestus.

Eilat virus isolated from Culex univittatus mosquitoes from the Namibian Zambezi Region influences in vitro superinfection with alpha- and flaviviruses in a virus-species-dependent manner.

The genus Alphavirus harbors arboviruses of great concern, such as the Chikungunya virus and the equine encephalitis viruses. Transmission of pathogenic alphaviruses by mosquitoes could be influenced by insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus (EILV). However, insect-specific alphaviruses are rarely found in wild mosquitoes and only a few have been described in the literature.

Public communication and outreach by mosquito programs in the United States.

Blood feeding female mosquitoes cause itchy welts and can transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as chikungunya, malaria, West Nile encephalitis, and Zika. Mosquito control programs conduct mosquito, pathogen, and epidemiological surveillance, carry out source reduction, treat mosquito habitats with larvicides or adulticides, and disseminate information to the public. Here, 100 organizations (e.

Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Neuroimmunologic Complications.

During the past decade (and beyond), neurologists have become aware of the emergence, persistence, and consequences of some familiar and new infections affecting the nervous system. Even among the familiar CNS infections, such as herpes virus, polyoma virus/JC, influenza, arbovirus, and hepatitis, challenges remain in developing effective antiviral treatments and treatments of postinfection sequelae. With the changing environment and increased global travel, arthropod vectors that mediate zoonotic disease transmission have spread unfamiliar viruses such as West Nile virus, dengue, chikungunya, equine encephalitis, and Zika, among others.

Sustained antiviral insulin signaling during West Nile virus infection results in viral mutations.

Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses, including West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) pose significant threats to public health. It is imperative to develop novel methods to control these mosquito-borne viral infections. We previously showed that insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS)-dependent activation of ERK and JAK-STAT signaling has significant antiviral activity in insects and human cells.

The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses report.

This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2023 in 27 Member States (MSs), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and 10 non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2023, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively.

Spatial dynamics of Culex quinquefasciatus abundance: geostatistical insights from Harris County, Texas.

Mosquito-borne diseases pose a significant public health threat, prompting the need to pinpoint high-risk areas for targeted interventions and environmental control measures. Culex quinquefasciatus is the primary vector for several mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus. Using spatial analysis and modeling techniques, we investigated the geospatial distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus abundance in the large metropolis of Harris County, Texas, from 2020 to 2022.

The Role of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) in Central Nervous System Infectious Syndromes.

We describe the proportion of VZV infection in central nervous system (CNS) infectious syndromes in a single Israeli medical center. An observational cohort study was conducted in Kaplan Medical Center (a secondary hospital, Israel) between July 1, 2014, and March 31, 2019. Included were adult patients (≥ 16 years old) with CNS infection with an aseptic CSF profile that were subjected to molecular tests for herpes viruses, HSV either 1 or 2, VZV, enteroviruses, and IgM for West Nile virus (WNV).

Origin and evolution of West Nile virus lineage 1 in Italy.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can infect humans, equids, and many bird species, posing a threat to their health. It consists of eight lineages, with Lineage 1 (L1) and Lineage 2 (L2) being the most prevalent and pathogenic. Italy is one of the hardest-hit European nations, with 330 neurological cases and 37 fatalities in humans in the 2021-2022 season, in which the L1 re-emerged after several years of low circulation.

From bytes to bites: In-silico creation of a novel multi-epitope vaccine against Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus.

Flaviviruses transmitted by arthropods, including the Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (MVEV), are RNA viruses capable of causing severe encephalitis in various hosts. The spread of these viruses is closely linked to climatic conditions and the habitats of host and vector species, leading to outbreaks in new geographic regions. Notable encephalitis-causing flaviviruses include Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Kunjin virus (KUNV).

Dynamics of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spread in the Balkans in the Context of Global Spatio-Temporal Dispersal.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is considered one of the most widely distributed arboviruses worldwide. In 2018, Serbia was among the European countries reporting the highest number of WNV cases. This study aimed to characterize WNV strains circulating in Serbia, and to estimate the pathways and dynamics of WNV-2 spread in the Balkans and globally through the phylogenetic approach.

Arbovirus in Solid Organ Transplants: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

The incidence of arbovirus infections has increased in recent decades. Other than dengue, chikungunya, and West Nile viruses, the data on arbovirus in solid organ transplant (SOT) are limited to case reports, and infections in renal transplant recipients account for most of the reported cases. Dengue and West Nile infections seem to be more severe with higher mortality in SOT patients than in the general population.

The Re-Emergence of Neuroinvasive Flaviviruses in Croatia During the 2022 Transmission Season.

(Re-)emerging arboviruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Usutu virus (USUV), are continuously increasing in incidence. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of flavivirus infections in humans, sentinel animals, and mosquitoes detected in the 2022 transmission season in Croatia. From April to November 2022, 110 hospitalized patients with neuroinvasive diseases (NID) were tested for the presence of arboviruses.

African lineage 1a West Nile virus isolated from crocodiles exhibits low neuroinvasiveness in mice.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes encephalitis in humans and infects crocodiles, resulting in rashes and neurological signs. In Zambia, two distinct lineages of WNV have been detected in neighbouring areas: lineage 2 in mosquitoes and lineage 1a in farmed crocodiles. Considering the risk of direct or vector-mediated WNV transmission from crocodiles to mammals, it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenicity of WNV strains derived from crocodiles.

Insights into the virome of Hyalomma marginatum in the Danube Delta: a major vector of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Eastern Europe.

Background: Ticks are significant vectors of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. With approximately 900 tick species worldwide, many are expanding their geographical range due to changing socioeconomic and climate factors. The Danube Delta, one of Europe's largest wetlands, is an ecosystem that, despite its ecological importance, remains understudied concerning the risk of introducing new tick-borne viruses.

Opsomyoclonus: A rare complication of West Nile virus.

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne illness that usually presents as asymptomatic or with a viral syndrome, and normally is treated with supportive care or immunotherapy. However, some patients can develop neurologic symptoms of viral meningoencephalitis. This article describes a patient who developed opsomyoclonus, a rare complication of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis.

Microbiota composition of Culex perexiguus mosquitoes during the West Nile virus outbreak in southern Spain.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus naturally circulating between mosquito vectors and birds, occasionally infecting horses and humans and causing epidemiologically relevant outbreaks. In Spain, the first big WNV outbreak was recorded in 2020, resulting in 77 people infected and 8 fatalities, most of them in southern Spain. Culex perexiguus was identified as the primary vector of WNV maintaining its enzootic circulation of the virus.

[Climate change and vector-borne disease-significance for intensive care and emergency medicine].

Tropical diseases are becoming increasingly important in medical care in Germany due to climate change and the spread of vectors and viruses. The widely distributed Culex mosquitoes in Germany can transmit the West Nile virus, which causes West Nile fever. Severe neuroinvasive disease courses with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and encephalitis are possible.

Scrub Typhus Meningoencephalitis Presenting as Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus with Basal Ganglia and Extra-limbic Cortical Involvement, Complicated by Cortical Multifocal Myoclonus.

Background: Scrub typhus is an acute febrile infectious disease highly prevalent in the Asia Pacific region, often referred to as the "tsutsugamushi triangle." This mite-borne rickettsial zoonosis is caused by , an intracellular Gram-negative organism that primarily targets endothelial cells. The resulting vasculitis leads to multisystem involvement.