Pupillary Abnormalities with Varying Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Our aim is to study the dynamics of pupillary abnormalities in varying severity of diabetic retinopathy. A non-interventional case-control study with 405 eyes of 244 subjects with diabetes, and 41 eyes of 26 subjects with no history of diabetes was done. Diabetes group was classified according to retinopathy severity: no retinopathy, mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Prevalence of the optic disc anomalies in the adult South Indian population.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of congenitally abnormal disc (all anomalies) in an adult population in southern India.

Methods: Subjects aged ≥40 years (n=6013) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Optic disc anomalies were diagnosed according to the definitions given in the article.

Are children with low vision adapted to the visual environment in classrooms of mainstream schools?

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the classroom environment of children with low vision and provide recommendations to reduce visual stress, with focus on mainstream schooling.

Methods: The medical records of 110 children (5-17 years) seen in low vision clinic during 1 year period (2015) at a tertiary care center in south India were extracted. The visual function levels of children were compared to the details of their classroom environment.

Can Corneal Biomechanical Properties Explain Difference in Tonometric Measurement in Normal Eyes?

Significance: Corneal biomechanical parameters can affect intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements by different tonometers compared with Goldmann applanation tonometer. This study implies that corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) better explain variability in IOP measurements.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of corneal properties on the difference in IOP measured by the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA), Rebound Tonometer (RBT), Dynamic Contour Tonometer (DCT), and Tono-Pen from the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT).

Does Occupation Influence Selection of Contact Lens Material?

Objective: Long-term follow-up of contact lens (CL) wearers leads to better understanding of the factors leading to changes in CL trends. This study is an attempt to ascertain these factors in an emerging market like India. Factors like occupation were analyzed to determine if these contributed to changes in selection of CL materials in this article.

Detecting glaucomatous progression with infrequent visual field testing.

Purpose: Previous work has investigated whether a significant regression slope in the first 2 years for the summary index Mean Deviation (MD) is predictive of rapid (≤-2 dB year ) glaucomatous visual field progression. This work assumed six visual fields were obtained as per management guidelines, but in clinical practice commonly only two or three fields are measured. We used simulation methods to investigate how reducing test frequency influences the prediction of rapid visual field progression, along with the influence of including criteria based on regression slope.

The minimum test battery to screen for binocular vision anomalies: report 3 of the BAND study.

Purpose: This study aims to report the minimum test battery needed to screen non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVAs) in a community set-up. When large numbers are to be screened we aim to identify the most useful test battery when there is no opportunity for a more comprehensive and time-consuming clinical examination.

Methods: The prevalence estimates and normative data for binocular vision parameters were estimated from the Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative Data (BAND) study, following which cut-off estimates and receiver operating characteristic curves to identify the minimum test battery have been plotted.

Reasons for spectacle reassessment in a tertiary eye care centre over a period of six years.

Background: To determine the spectacle reassessment rates of dissatisfied patients returning to the optical services department of a tertiary eye centre in India over a period of six years.

Methods: A total of 169,567 spectacles were dispensed from the optical services department between January 2010 and December 2015. The spectacle reassessment forms of dissatisfied patients who returned to the optical services department with their spectacles were analysed.

Contact lens trends over three decades in a hospital-based practice in India.

Background: Contact lens fittings in a hospital-based practice are different from those in private practices because of specialised conditions. Few studies have been published on material preferences of such wearers, especially in long-term wearers. The aim of this study is to document contact lens prescribing trends in a hospital-based practice among long-term lens wearers and to identify their demographic profile.

Influence of laser versus lens-sparing vitrectomy on myopia in children with retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the refractive error outcomes in the eyes of premature babies with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) who underwent laser plus lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV) in one eye and laser alone in the fellow eye.

Methods: This is a retrospective study. Fourteen babies with Stage 4A of ROP or worse who underwent laser plus LSV in one eye (Group 1) and laser alone in the fellow eye (Group 2) were followed at 2 months, 6 months, 1 year, one and a half year, and 2 years.

Clinical profile of pythium keratitis: perioperative measures to reduce risk of recurrence.

Purpose: To report the clinical profile and role of perioperative adjunctive measures to reduce the risk of recurrence in keratitis.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 10 eyes of 10 patients with keratitis. Diagnosis was confirmed by PCR DNA sequencing.

Development and Validation of Non simultaneous Retinal Image Acquisition-Based Retinal Oximeter.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a tool for the measurement of retinal oxygen saturation using a conventional fundus camera-based nonsimultaneous imaging technique. Retinal oximetry setup comprising a conventional Zeiss FF450IR fundus camera, dual wavelength band-pass filters of wavelengths 570 and 600 nm were used. Image analysis was performed using MATLAB R2013b.

Clinical and genetic analysis of Indian patients with NDP-related retinopathies.

Purpose: NDP-related retinopathies are a group of X-linked disorders characterized by degenerative and proliferative changes of the neuroretina, occasionally accompanied with varying degrees of mental retardation and sensorineural hearing loss. NDP is the predominant gene associated with NDP-related retinopathies. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical and genetic findings in three unrelated patients diagnosed with NDP-related retinopathies.

Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies.

Purpose: To report the frequency of binocular vision (BV) anomalies in children with specific learning disorders (SLD) and to assess the efficacy of vision therapy (VT) in children with a non-strabismic binocular vision anomaly (NSBVA).

Methods: The study was carried out at a centre for learning disability (LD). Comprehensive eye examination and binocular vision assessment was carried out for 94 children (mean (SD) age: 15 (2.

Genetic studies in a patient with X-linked retinoschisis coexisting with developmental delay and sensorineural hearing loss.

Background: In this study, we present a juvenile retinoschisis patient with developmental delay, sensorineural hearing loss, and reduced axial tone. X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a retinal dystrophy, most often not associated with systemic anomalies and also not showing any locus heterogeneity. Therefore it was of interest to understand the genetic basis of the condition in this patient.

Proteomic profiling of human intraschisis cavity fluid.

Background: X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a vitreoretinal degenerative disorder causing vision deterioration, due to structural defects in retina. The hallmark of this disease includes radial streaks arising from the fovea and splitting of inner retinal layers (schisis). Although these retinal changes are attributed to mutations in the retinoschisin gene, schisis is also observed in patients who do not carry mutations.

Visual functions of workers exposed to organic solvents in petrochemical industries.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual functions of workers exposed to organic solvents in petrochemical industries.

Materials And Methods: Thirty workers from the petroleum refinery and 30 age-matched controls (mean age) were recruited. Visual functions and occupational exposure levels were assessed among both the groups.

Spectacle Compliance among Adolescents: A Qualitative Study from Southern India.

Purpose: To understand the perceptions of adolescents and their parents about spectacle compliance of adolescents in Southern India.

Methods: Using a qualitative snapshot design, three focus group discussions were conducted each with parents and adolescents studying in schools located in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of participants.

Do school classrooms meet the visual requirements of children and recommended vision standards?

Background: Visual demands of school children tend to vary with diverse classroom environments. The study aimed to evaluate the distance and near Visual Acuity (VA) demand in Indian school classrooms and their comparison with the recommended vision standards.

Materials And Methods: The distance and near VA demands were assessed in 33 classrooms (grades 4 to 12) of eight schools.

Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Urban India: Sankara Nethralaya-Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study (SN-DREAMS II), Report 1.

Purpose: To evaluate the 4-year incidence and progression of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in an Indian population.

Methods: From a cross-sectional study of 1425 subjects with diabetes, 911 (63.9%) returned for 4-year follow-up.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BENIGN FLECK RETINA USING MULTIMODAL IMAGING.

Purpose: To report structural and functional features in a case series of benign fleck retina using multimodal imaging.

Methods: Four cases with benign fleck retina underwent complete ophthalmic examination that included detailed history, visual acuity, and refractive error testing, FM-100 hue test, dilated fundus evaluation, full field electroretinogram, fundus photography with autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, and swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Results: Age group of the cases ranged from 19 years to 35 years (3 males and 1 female).

Quality of life and handling experience with the PROSE device: an Indian scenario.

Background: PROSE (prosthetic replacement of ocular surface ecosystem) device is a custom-designed, corneal vaulting scleral contact lens, which is used in the treatment of irregular corneal conditions to improve vision and comfort. The present study aimed at assessing the success of the PROSE device in an Indian scenario in terms of change in quality of life and to understand the handling issues related to the device use.

Methods: Thirty-two subjects with various irregular corneal conditions meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study.

Effect of axial length on full-field and multifocal electroretinograms.

Purpose: The aim was to investigate the effect of axial length on full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) in young Indian subjects.

Methods: One hundred subjects (44 male) with refractive errors from +0.50 to -18.

Changes in stimulus and response AC/A ratio with vision therapy in Convergence Insufficiency.

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in the stimulus and response Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation (AC/A) ratio following vision therapy (VT) in Convergence Insufficiency (CI).

Methods: Stimulus and response AC/A ratio were measured on twenty five CI participants, pre and post 10 sessions of VT. Stimulus AC/A ratio was measured using the gradient method and response AC/A ratio was calculated using modified Thorington technique with accommodative responses measured using WAM-5500 open-field autorefractor.

Retinal sensitivity changes associated with diabetic neuropathy in the absence of diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: To explore any relationship between the markers of early retinal neuronal damage and peripheral diabetic neuropathy in subjects with no diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: A cross-sectional study in which type 2 diabetic subjects (n=743) without DR were studied. Visual functions including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour vision, retinal sensitivity using microperimeter and retinal thicknesses by spectral domain optical coherence tomography were measured.