Cytokines in PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor adverse events and implications for the treatment of uveitis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as Programmed cell Death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have improved cancer treatment by enhancing the immune system's ability to target malignant cells. Their use is associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including uveitis. The profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines underlying Anti-PD-1-induced uveitis shares significant overlap with that of non-infectious uveitis.

Vascular parameters and endothelin-1 measurements in glaucoma patients with low- and high-tension optic disc hemorrhages.

This prospective study aimed to compare vascular parameters (endothelin-1 [ET-1] blood levels, laser Doppler imaging [LDI] of distal phalanxes, and nailfold capillaroscopy) between open-angle glaucoma patients with low- and high-tension optic disc hemorrhages (LTDH and HTDH, respectively). The 33 enrolled patients (mean age, 62.3 ± 13 years) were classified as LTDH or HTDH if they presented at the time of DH detection an intraocular pressure (IOP) < 16 mmHg or ≥ 16 mmHg, respectively.

Mitochondrial TXNRD2 and ME3 Genetic Risk Scores Are Associated with Specific Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Phenotypes.

Purpose: Genetic variants in regions that include the mitochondrial genes thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2) and malic enzyme 3 (ME3) are associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in genome-wide association studies (GWASs). To assess their clinical impact, we investigated whether TXNRD2 and ME3 genetic risk scores (GRSs) are associated with specific glaucoma phenotypes.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness with a deep learning algorithm in ischemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis.

This work aims at determining the ability of a deep learning (DL) algorithm to measure retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness from optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and demyelinating optic neuritis (ON). The training/validation dataset included 750 RNFL OCT B-scans. Performance of our algorithm was evaluated on 194 OCT B-scans from 70 healthy eyes, 82 scans from 28 NAION eyes, and 84 scans of 29 ON eyes.

Parapapillary choroidal microvascular density in acute primary angle-closure and primary open-angle glaucoma: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.

Back Ground/aims: To determine whether parapapillary choroidal microvasculature (PPCMv) density, measured by optical coherence tomography angiography, differed between acute primary angle-closure (APAC), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and controls.

Methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Data from 149 eyes from two academic referral centres were analysed.

Blood pressure control and glaucoma risk in postmenopausal women: an analysis from the Women's Health Initiative.

Objective: Individuals with elevated systolic blood pressure (BP) or low diastolic BP, whether or not on antihypertensive treatment, may be at higher risk for developing glaucoma. We aimed to investigate BP levels in relation to glaucoma risk in a large cohort of postmenopausal women.

Methods: Prospective follow-up of 101,447 postmenopausal women without prior history of glaucoma enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Study.

Distinguishing Healthy From Glaucomatous Eyes With Optical Coherence Tomography Global Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Thickness in the Bottom 5th Percentile.

Prcis: Two novel, quantitative metrics, and 1 traditional metric were able to distinguish between many, but not all healthy and glaucomatous eyes in the bottom 5th percentile of global circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that objective optical coherence tomography measures can distinguish between a healthy control with global cpRNFL thickness within the lower 5% of normal and a glaucoma patient with an equivalent cpRNFL thickness.

Patients And Methods: A total of 37 healthy eyes from over 700 normative eyes fell within the bottom 5th percentile in global cpRNFL thickness.

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Common Loci Associated with Pigment Dispersion Syndrome/Pigmentary Glaucoma and Implicates Myopia in its Development.

Purpose: To identify genetic variants associated with pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG) in unrelated patients and to further understand the genetic and potentially causal relationships between PDS and associated risk factors.

Design: A 2-stage genome-wide association meta-analysis with replication and subsequent in silico analyses including Mendelian randomization.

Participants: A total of 574 cases with PG or PDS and 52 627 controls of European descent.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Characterized by Flavoprotein Fluorescence at the Optic Nerve Head.

Purpose: To investigate the presence of flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF) at the optic nerve head (ONH) rim as a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and control eyes.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients recruited from the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai.

Participants: A total of 86 eyes (50 eyes of 30 patients with POAG and 36 eyes of 20 control participants) were enrolled.

Risk of atrial fibrillation is increased in patients with exfoliation syndrome: the Utah project on exfoliation syndrome (UPEXS).

Purpose: Exfoliation syndrome, a systemic disorder with ocular manifestations, is associated with lysyl oxidase-like gene variants. Along with transforming growth factor beta-1, lysyl oxidase-like 1 is a key enzyme in stabilizing extracellular matrix and remodelling collagen/elastin. Given the role that transforming growth factor beta-1, lysyl oxidase-like gene variants and fibrosis play in atrial fibrillation, an association with exfoliation syndrome was investigated.

Clinical Profiles of Glaucomatous Patients With High-tension and Low-tension Optic Disc Hemorrhages: A Comparative Study.

Prcis: Patients with low-tension optic disc hemorrhages (DHs) are more frequently women, have a diagnosis of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) diagnosis and greater visual field (VF) loss. Symptoms of vascular dysregulation and Asian race also seem to be more prevalent in this clinical subtype.

Purpose: Optic DH is an important glaucoma risk factor, and occurs in a wide intraocular pressure (IOP) range.

Variability and Power to Detect Progression of Different Visual Field Patterns.

Purpose: To compare the variability and ability to detect visual field (VF) progression of 24-2, central 12 locations of the 24-2 and 10-2 VF tests in eyes with abnormal VFs.

Design: Retrospective, multisite cohort.

Participants: A total of 52 806 24-2 and 11 966 10-2 VF tests from 7307 eyes from the Glaucoma Research Network database were analyzed.

Elucidation of the role of the lamina cribrosa in glaucoma using optical coherence tomography.

Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive optic neuropathy characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells and corresponding visual field loss. Despite the growing number of studies on the subject, the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. Notwithstanding, several studies have shown that the lamina cribrosa (LC) is considered an anatomic site of glaucomatous optic nerve injury, thus having a key role in the pathophysiology of glaucoma development and progression.

Peripapillary Perfused Capillary Density in Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.

Purpose: To compare peripapillary perfused capillary density (PCD) on optical coherence tomography angiography among resolved acute angle-closure (AAC), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and control eyes.

Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study.

Methods: All patients with resolved AAC or POAG of varying severity and controls were enrolled.

Early-onset Exfoliation Syndrome: A Literature Synthesis.

Precis: We conducted a literature review of younger patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) in an attempt to identify case similarities and better understand disease etiology.

Purpose: XFS that predisposes to secondary glaucoma is a strongly age-related condition. We performed a literature review of XFS and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in patients aged younger than 40 years to examine potential common characteristics and gain clues to its etiology.

Global optical coherence tomography measures for detecting the progression of glaucoma have fundamental flaws.

Objective: To understand the problems involved in using global OCT measures for detecting progression in early glaucoma.

Subjects/methods: Eyes from 76 patients and 28 healthy controls (HC) had a least two OCT scans at least 1 year apart. To determine the 95% confidence intervals (CI), 151 eyes (49 HC and 102 patients) had at least two scans within 6 months.

Automated Evaluation of Parapapillary Choroidal Microvasculature in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma.

Objective: To determine whether parapapillary choroidal microvasculature (PPCMv) density as measured by optical coherence tomography angiography differs between pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: One hundred ninety-two eyes of 120 subjects from 2 academic referral institutions were enrolled.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma.

Assessment of the vasculature within the optic nerve, peripapillary superficial retina, macula, and peripapillary choroid can be determined in glaucoma using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Decreased perfusion within the pre-laminar layer of the optic nerve has been correlated with glaucoma severity. The peripapillary superficial retinal vessel density allows diagnosis and detection of glaucoma progression in a manner similar to the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness.

Reasons why OCT Global Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness is a Poor Measure of Glaucomatous Progression.

Purpose: To assess the effects of local defects, segmentation errors, and improper image alignment on the performance of the commonly used optical coherence tomography (OCT) measure of progression, that is the change in global (average) circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness (ΔG).

Methods: One hundred fifty eyes suspected of, or with, early glaucoma had OCT circle and cube scans obtained using eye tracking on two occasions at least 1 year apart. Statistical progression was defined by fixed values of ΔG (3-8 um) and quantile regression.

Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Exfoliation Syndrome: The Utah Project on Exfoliation Syndrome.

Purpose: Exfoliation syndrome (XFS), the most common recognizable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide, is a systemic disorder with genetic predisposition due to variations in lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) function, leading to altered elastin matrices in ocular and systemic tissues. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder also involving elastic tissue dysfunction and is associated with glaucoma. Because of the similarities between the disorders, we sought to uncover any relationship in the prevalence of these diagnoses.

Optical Coherence Tomography Can Be Used to Assess Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Damage in Most Eyes With High Myopia.

Precis: It is generally assumed that optical coherence tomography (OCT) cannot be used to diagnose glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) in high myopes. However, this study presents evidence that there is sufficient information in OCT scans to allow for accurate diagnosis of GON in most eyes with high myopia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that glaucomatous damage can be accurately diagnosed in most high myopes via an assessment of the OCT results.

Local Glaucomatous Defects of the Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Show a Variety of Patterns of Progression.

Precis: The region of glaucomatous progression, seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL), increases in width and depth in all eyes, but shows a variety of different patterns of loss across eyes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of cRNFL loss secondary to glaucomatous progression in a region associated with the superior hemifield of the 24-2/30-2 visual field (VF).

Methods: Twenty-four eyes (20 patients) with a diagnosis of glaucoma and evidence of progression on OCT had OCT disc cube scans on at least 3 separate visits (mean follow-up 7.

Plateau iris syndrome and angle-closure glaucoma in a patient with nail-patella syndrome.

Purpose: To describe a case of plateau iris syndrome (PIS) and angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) in a patient with nail-patella syndrome (NPS).

Observation: A 33 year-old woman of Slovakian ancestry from Norway with a history of NPS presented with angle-closure secondary to plateau iris. At the time of her NPS diagnosis, she had no ocular pathology.