The test of time: a history of clock drawing.

Objective: The clock drawing test (CDT) has become one of the most widely used cognitive screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Its effectiveness, acceptability, and quick and easy administration have made it a staple for cognitive screening in dementia and a wide range of brain disorders. Despite a spike in popularity since the 1990s, its origins are relatively unknown.

Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-1 knock-out mice readily develop amyloid A protein amyloidosis.

Studies have identified apolipoprotein E (apoE) ubiquitously in biochemically distinct amyloid deposits including amyloid A protein (AA) in secondary amyloidosis and amyloid beta protein (A beta) amyloid in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) has been identified in cortical plaques derived from the tissues of patients with AD. To determine if apoE is essential for and apoA-1 may be a factor in AA-amyloidogenesis we investigated induction of secondary amyloidosis in mutant C57BL/6J mice that lack either apoE or apoA-1.

Golgi, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses of the neurons of auditory-related cortices of the rhesus monkey.

Morphological characteristics of the neurons of the auditory cortical areas of the rhesus monkey were investigated using Golgi and horseradish peroxidase methods. Neurons of the auditory cortices can be segregated into two categories, spinous and nonspinous, which can be further subclassified according to their dendritic arrays. The spinous neurons include pyramidal, "star pyramid," multipolar, and bipolar cells.

Connectional analysis of the ipsilateral and contralateral afferent neurons of the superior temporal region in the rhesus monkey.

The interhemispheric and ipsilateral afferents of the superior temporal region (STR) were investigated with the aid of fluorescent retrograde tracers (Diamidino Yellow and Fast Blue). Different tracers were injected in selected cortical areas of the STR of each hemisphere of four rhesus monkeys. The results show that the interhemispheric afferents originate not only from the homotopic but also from heterotopic areas.