Systematic identification and characterization of microRNAs with target genes involved in high night temperature stress at the filling stage of rice.

High night temperature stress is one of the main environmental factors affecting rice yield and quality. More and more evidence shows that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in various abiotic stresses. However, the molecular network of miRNA regulation on rice tolerance to high night temperatures remains unclear.

The QTL and Candidate Genes Regulating the Early Tillering Vigor Traits of Late-Season Rice in Double-Cropping Systems.

Rice effective panicle is a major trait for grain yield and is affected by both the genetic tiller numbers and the early tillering vigor (ETV) traits to survive environmental adversities. The mechanism behind tiller bud formation has been well described, while the genes and the molecular mechanism underlying rice-regulating ETV traits are unclear. In this study, the candidate genes in regulating ETV traits have been sought by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and bulk-segregation analysis by resequencing method (BSA-seq) conjoint analysis using rice backcross inbred line (BIL) populations, which were cultivated as late-season rice of double-cropping rice systems.

Physiological, Cytological, and Transcriptomic Analysis of Magnesium Protoporphyrin IX Methyltransferase Mutant Reveal Complex Genetic Regulatory Network Linking Chlorophyll Synthesis and Chloroplast Development in Rice.

Functional defects in key genes for chlorophyll synthesis usually cause abnormal chloroplast development, but the genetic regulatory network for these key genes in regulating chloroplast development is still unclear. Magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (ChlM) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of chlorophyll synthesis. Physiological analysis showed that the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were significantly decreased in the mutant.

sp. nov. (Sordariomycetes, Chaetosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriaceae), from freshwater habitat in China.

Background: Freshwater fungi are an integral part of freshwater ecosystems. They promote the carbon cycle of the ecosystem by decomposing wood substrates. is a fungal genus of Chaetosphaeriales in Sordariomycetes, which has been commonly collected from aquatic and marine environments.

(Pleurotheciales, Pleurotheciaceae), a new species from freshwater habitats in China.

Background: Freshwater fungi play an indispensable role in the ecosystem and have great research value. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset of ITS, LSU and SSU sequences, a new species, , was introduced as a freshwater hyphomycete from Anhui Province, China.

New Information: was morphologically described as erect, rigid, dark brown to black, velvety synnemata which has macronematous, septate, branched, brown to dark brown, parallel adpressed conidiophores with polyblastic, integrated, terminal, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, denticulate, sympodial conidiogenous cells and ellipsoidal to obovoid, rounded at the apex, obtuse and tapering towards base, septate, guttulate conidia.

Analysis of genetic diversity among Chinese strains using ISSR and SRAP markers.

Background: is an edible and medicinal fungal species commonly cultivated in China. The major problems currently facing by growers of is the random labeling of strains and strains aging and degeneration. Therefore, an evaluation of genetic diversity is essential for the conservation and reproducing programs of this species.

assembly of two chromosome-level rice genomes and bin-based QTL mapping reveal genetic diversity of grain weight trait in rice.

Following the "green revolution," and hybrid breeding has been recognized as a new breakthrough in further improving rice yields. However, heterosis-related grain weight QTLs and the basis of yield advantage among subspecies has not been well elucidated. We herein assembled the chromosome level genomes of an rice (Luohui 9) and a rice (RPY geng) and found that gene number differences and structural variations between these two genomes contribute to the differences in agronomic traits and also provide two different favorable allele pools to produce better derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs).

Retiboletus atrofuscus (Boletaceae, Boletales), a new species from China.

Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, an ectomycorrhizal fungus collected from Jiangxi, China, is described as a new species. R. atrofuscus is morphological characterized by a dark gray to black pileus, white to pale yellowish white hymenophore, a grayish brown to pale yellow context, which turning orange-yellow to rusty yellow when injured, a prominently and coarsely white to pale yellow to black reticulation on upper 3/4 or entire stipe, grayish yellow to pale yellow to yellowish brown basidiospores in KOH with measuring (7-)7.

Integration of GWAS and transcriptome analyses to identify SNPs and candidate genes for aluminum tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).

Background: The exchangeable aluminum (Al), released from the acid soils, is another addition to the environmental stress factors in the form of Al toxicity stress. Al stress affects the normal crop development and reduces the overall yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).

sp. nov., a new hyphomycetous fungus from freshwater habitats in China.

Background: Freshwater fungi, growing on submerged wood, can promote the degradation of organisms and the reuse of rotten wood energy and play key roles in freshwater ecosystems. Here, a new hyphomycetous fungus, , was isolated and identified from submerged wood samples collected in a small stream in Jiangxi Province, south-eastern China.

New Information: The new taxon was studied, based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses combined with LSU, ITS, and sequences data.

Uncovering the genetic diversity of yams ( spp.) in China by combining phenotypic trait and molecular marker analyses.

Yam is an important edible tuber and root plant worldwide; China as one of the native places of yams has many diverse local resources. The goal of this study was to clarify the genetic diversity of the commonly cultivated yam landraces and the genetic relationship between the main yam species in China. In this study, 26 phenotypic traits of 112 yam accessions from 21 provinces in China were evaluated, and 24 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 29 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used for the genetic diversity analysis.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs involved in flag leaf senescence of rice.

This study showed the systematic identification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involving in flag leaf senescence of rice, providing the possible lncRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA networks during leaf senescence. LncRNAs have been reported to play crucial roles in diverse biological processes. However, no systematic identification of lncRNAs associated with leaf senescence in plants has been studied.

Cytosine methylations in the promoter regions of genes involved in the cellular oxidation equilibrium pathways affect rice heat tolerance.

Background: High temperatures, particularly at night, decrease rice yield and quality. As high nighttime temperatures (HNTs) become increasingly frequent due to climate change, it is imperative to develop rice crops that tolerate HNTs. DNA methylation may represent a potential avenue for HNT-tolerant rice strain development, as this mechanism regulates gene activity and cellular phenotype in response to adverse environmental conditions without changing the nucleotide sequence.

Characterization and Functional Divergence of a Novel Gene Family in Rice Based on Comprehensive Expression Patterns.

The domain of unknown function (DUF) superfamily encodes proteins of unknown functions in plants. Among them, family members in plants possess a 29 amino-acid conserved domain, and this family has not been described previously. Here, we report this plant-specific novel gene family containing 12 genes in rice () and 91 s for the other seven plant species.

Quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of rice grains to assess high night temperature stress.

Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by increasing global surface temperature, and are strongly attributed to high night temperature (HNT) than high daytime temperature. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the heat-tolerant characteristics of rice remains unclear. In the present study, we compared the proteomes of heat-tolerant and -sensitive lines of rice at early milky stage using an iTRAQ method.

Transcriptome changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to high night temperature stress at the early milky stage.

Background: Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by high temperatures, especially at night; high nighttime temperatures are more harmful to grain weight than high daytime temperatures. Unfortunately, global temperatures are consistently increasing at an alarming rate and the minimum nighttime temperature has increased three times as much as the corresponding maximum daytime temperature over the past few decades.

Results: We analyzed the transcriptome profiles for rice grain from heat-tolerant and -sensitive lines in response to high night temperatures at the early milky stage using the Illumina Sequencing method.

Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the early milky stage of rice grains during high temperature stress.

Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by high temperatures, and these effects are more pronounced at the 'milky stage' of the rice grain ripening phase. Identifying the functional proteins involved in the response of rice to high temperature stress may provide the basis for improving heat tolerance in rice. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis of paired, genetically similar heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive rice lines was conducted.

Identification of candidate genes related to rice grain weight under high-temperature stress.

The rise of global warming presents a problem for all living organisms, including rice and other staple plants. High temperatures impair rice grain weight by inhibiting the filling of the caryopses during the milky stage. The molecular mechanism behind this process, however, is poorly understood.