A nonverbal test of knowledge attribution: a comparative study on dogs and children.

The sensitivity of eleven pet dogs and eleven 2.5-year-old children to others' past perceptual access was tested for object-specificity in a playful, nonverbal task in which a human Helper's knowledge state regarding the whereabouts of a hidden toy and a stick (a tool necessary for getting the out-of-reach toy) was systematically manipulated. In the four experimental conditions the Helper either participated or was absent during hiding of the toy and the stick and therefore she knew the place(s) of (1) both the toy and the stick, (2) only the toy, (3) only the stick or (4) neither of them.

Ubiquitinated protein conjugates are specifically enriched in the lysosomal system of fibroblasts.

Ubiquitin-protein conjugates are found by immunogold electron microscopy to be enriched (12-fold) in the lysosomal compartment of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Treatment of fibroblasts with the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 leads to an expansion of the lysosomal compartment and as a result an increase in the cellular content of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. There is no change in the specific enrichment of ubiquitin-protein conjugates in the lysosomal compartment following E-64 treatment.

Regression of autophagic vacuoles in mouse pancreatic cells: a morphometric study of the effect of methylamine and chloroquine followed by cycloheximide treatment.

Treatment of mice with methylamine and chloroquine for two hours markedly increased the volume fraction of autophagic vacuoles in the pancreatic acinar cells of the mouse. The autophagic vacuoles disappeared from the cells within 20 min after the administration of a suppressor of autophagic sequestration cycloheximide to animals pretreated with 0.25 mg b.

Quantitative aspects of cellular autophagocytosis. Morphometric and cell fractionation studies.

The mode of action of agents and treatments known to induce the appearance of autophagic vacuoles (AV) were studied in mouse liver, pancreatic and seminal vesicle cells by morphometric evaluation of the time-dependent changes in the volume fraction of AVs following suppression of sequestration by cycloheximide. Rapid decrease of the AV compartment was observed in cells of animals pretreated with agents including Triton X-100, pilocarpine, leupeptin and estron acetate. The half-life of AVs, estimated from the decay, range between 5.

Combined effects of fasting and vinblastine treatment on serum insulin level, the size of autophagic-lysosomal compartment, protein content and lysosomal enzyme activities of liver and exocrine pancreatic cells of the mouse.

1. The volume fraction of autophagic vacuoles in liver parenchymal and exocrine pancreatic cells was smallest and the serum insulin level highest in the 24 hr prestarved mouse immediately after 3 hr feeding period. 2.

Regression of autophagic vacuoles in pancreatic acinar, seminal vesicle epithelial, and liver parenchymal cells: a comparative morphometric study of the effect of vinblastine and leupeptin followed by cycloheximide treatment.

Treatment of mice with both leupeptin (0.06 mg/g body wt) and vinblastine (0.05 mg/g body wt) for 2 h caused a many-fold enlargement of the autophagic-lysosomal compartment of pancreatic acinar, seminal vesicle epithelial, and liver parenchymal cells.