Fundamentals of Presbyopia: visual processing and binocularity in its transformation.

Background: The accommodation has considerable interactions with the pupil response, vergence response and binocularity. The transformation of visual reception processing and the changes of the binocular cooperation during the presbyopia development are still poorly studied. So, the regularities of visual system violation in the presbyopia formation need to be characterized.

Post-keratoplasty astigmatism management by relaxing incisions: a systematic review.

Postoperative visual acuity can be limited by post-keratoplasty astigmatism, even with a clear corneal graft. Astigmatism management can be performed by selective suture removal, adjustment of sutures, optical correction, photorefractive procedures, wedge resection, intra-ocular lens implantation, intracorneal ring segments, relaxing incisions with or without compression sutures and repeated keratoplasty. Relaxing incisions can be made in the graft, graft-host interface or host cornea.

Therapeutic approaches for corneal neovascularization.

Angiogenesis refers to new blood vessels that originate from pre-existing vascular structures. Corneal neovascularization which can lead to compromised visual acuity occurs in a wide variety of corneal pathologies. A large subset of measures has been advocated to prevent and/or treat corneal neovascularization with varying degrees of success.

Glaucoma surgery and induced astigmatism: a systematic review.

Background: The refractive outcomes of glaucoma surgeries, particularly their effect on astigmatism, are incompletely understood.

Main Body: Trabeculectomy is associated with a considerable amount of with-the-rule astigmatic change in the immediate postoperative period. This is followed by a gradual against-the-rule shift.

Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in the correction of myopic astigmatism: outcomes and limitations - an update.

Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is a flap-free intrastromal technique for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. To date, this technique lacks automated centration and cyclotorsion control, so several concerns have been raised regarding its capability to correct moderate or high levels of astigmatism. The objective of this paper is to review the reported SMILE outcomes for the correction of myopic astigmatism associated with a cylinder over 0.

Correction to: The impact of dysfunctional tear films and optical aberrations on chronic migraine.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40662-017-0070-1.].

Identifying more reliable parameters for the detection of change during the follow-up of mild to moderate keratoconus patients.

Background: Reaching a consensus on which parameters are most reliable at detecting progressive keratoconus patients with serial topography imaging is not evident. The aim of the study was to isolate the parameters best positioned to detect keratoconus progression using the Pentacam HR® measures based on the respective limits of repeatability and range of measurement.

Method: Using the Pentacam HR®, a tolerance index was calculated on anterior segment parameters in healthy and keratoconic eyes.

Effect of carotenoids dietary supplementation on macular function in diabetic patients.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness among working-age people worldwide. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of a carotenoid supplementation on retinal thickness and macular function of patients with diabetes using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG).

Methods: A retrospective study of one hundred and twenty eyes of sixty patients age between 40 and 60 years with non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy who underwent OCT and mfERG and took vitamin supplements for a period of two years.

Effect of IOP based infusion system with and without balanced phaco tip on cumulative dissipated energy and estimated fluid usage in comparison to gravity fed infusion in torsional phacoemulsification.

Background: To evaluate the effect of three different combinations of tip designs and infusion systems in torsional phacoemulsification (INFINITI and CENTURION) in patients with cataract. According to the manufacturer, two unique improvements in the Centurion are: active fluid dynamic management system and use of an intrepid balanced tip. The study specifically aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects, if any, of change in tip design and infusion system individually and in combination on both per-operative parameters as well as endothelial health over 6 months.

Investigation of a real-time location system of corneal astigmatic axis.

Background: To construct a real-time computerized location system (RCLS) to analyze and display the axis of corneal astigmatism and to compare its accuracy with the Scheimpflug method.

Methods: Fifty-seven eyes of 39 volunteers with corneal astigmatism more than 1.00 diopter (D) were recruited.

Comparison between toric and spherical phakic intraocular lenses combined with astigmatic keratotomy for high myopic astigmatism.

Background: To compare the outcomes of a toric phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) and a spherical PIOL combined with astigmatic keratotomy (AK) for the correction of high myopic astigmatism.

Methods: This study enrolled patients with high myopic astigmatism, including 30 eyes (22 patients) that received a toric PIOL implantation (TICL group), and 32 eyes (24 patients) that received combined AK and a spherical PIOL implantation (AK+ ICL group). The outcomes were compared between the two groups before surgery, and at the following time points after surgery: 1 week, 1, 3, 6 months, and 1, 2 years.

A randomized, fellow eye, comparison of keratometry, aberrometry, tear film, axial length and the anterior chamber depth after eye rubbing in non-keratoconic eyes.

Background: To investigate the effect of eye rubbing on keratometry (K), aberrometry, tear film break-up-time (TFBUT) and anterior chamber depth (ACD).

Methods: Volunteers without any corneal pathology or dry eyes were randomised to rubbing in one eye and the fellow-eye was control. Eye rubbing was performed for 2 min.

Visual outcomes 24 months after LaserACE.

Background: To evaluate the effects on near and intermediate visual performance after bilateral Laser Anterior Ciliary Excision (LaserACE) procedure.

Methods: LaserACE surgery was performed using the VisioLite 2.94 μm erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) ophthalmic laser system in 4 oblique quadrants on the sclera over the ciliary muscle in 3 critical zones of physiological importance (over the ciliary muscles and posterior zonules) with the aim to improve natural dynamic accommodative forces.

Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of anterior chamber tap in cases of bacterial endophthalmitis.

Background: To assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of anterior chamber tap for the diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis on a population with high prevalence.

Methods: Retrospective, single centre, case series study. We reviewed all medical records with clinical diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis in our hospital from January 1st, 2000 to December 31st 2014.

Toll-like receptor 2-mediated NF-kappa B pathway activation in ocular surface epithelial cells.

Background: Gram-positive bacteria stimulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and then activate the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. As the human ocular surface is heavily colonised by gram-positive cocci bacteria, a balance of activation/repression of NF-κB target genes is essential to avoid uncontrolled infection or autoimmune-related inflammation. It is advantageous to test NF-κB targeting molecules in an ocular surface culture system that allows assessment of temporal NF-κB activation in a longitudinal fashion without destruction of cells.

Accommodative intraocular lenses: where are we and where we are going.

Presbyopia still remains the last frontier of refractive surgery. Its surgical management is under constant evolution due to the limitations that exist today with respect to its management, which is probably in relation with the multifactorial basis in which presbyopia is clinically developed in the human. Until currently, virtually all surgical techniques that have been proposed for its correction are based on the induction of pseudoaccommodation in the presbyopic eye, including multifocality.

Surgical management of spontaneous, late-onset Descemet membrane detachment after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: a case report.

Background: To report a surgical method for treating corneal oedema in a case of late-onset Descemet membrane detachment after penetrating keratoplasty.

Case Presentation: A 55-year old patient presented with sudden visual loss in his left eye 28 years after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed a distortion of the corneal graft anatomy with protrusion of the graft and peripheral thinning and steepening in the residual host tissue, accompanied by corneal graft oedema.

Impact of polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol/hydroxypropyl-guar and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate on postoperative discomfort following cataract extraction surgery: a comparative study.

Background: Universal postoperative guidelines for cataract extraction surgery are yet to be introduced. Artificial tears are gaining popularity as an additional integral component of the postoperative regime. The primary objective of this study was to explore the impact of two prevalent artificial tear preparations on postoperative discomfort following cataract extraction surgery.

Treatment of anterior corneal scarring, following DSAEK graft failure, with combined graft exchange and phototherapeutic keratectomy.

Background: To present a method, alternative to penetrating keratoplasty, for the restoration of impaired corneal clarity with anterior stromal scarring following long-standing corneal graft failure.

Case Presentation: A 48-year old female who had previously underwent Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for the treatment of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, presented with long-standing corneal oedema and anterior corneal scarring. A significant improvement in corrected distance visual acuity was demonstrated, as corneal clarity was restored following graft exchange and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK).

Corneal compensation of presbyopia: PresbyLASIK: an updated review.

Abstract: The main purpose of this review is to compare and analyze the results of the main PresbyLASIK approaches; central and peripheral.

Summary: A comprehensive research was conducted in PUBMED using keywords like "presbyopia correction", "PresbyLASIK", "Corneal multifocality", "Laser blended vision". We reviewed the PresbyLASIK technique, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and corrected near visual acuity (CNVA), and compared the differences between the techniques.

Visual and refractive outcomes following implantation of a new trifocal intraocular lens.

Background: Independence from all optical aids, and freedom from unwanted symptoms, following cataract and lens surgery remains the ultimate goal of both patient and surgeon. The development of trifocal IOL technology provides an ever-increasing range of options. The purpose of our study is to understand the predictability, safety and efficacy of a new trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) following cataract or refractive lens exchange (RLE) surgery.

Erratum to: Pharmacological treatments of presbyopia: a review of modern perspectives.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40662-017-0068-8.].

Rapid corneal thinning and perforated ulcerative keratitis in a patient with relapsing polychondritis.

Background: To report rapid corneal thinning and perforation in a case with relapsing polychondritis.

Case Presentation: A 43 year-old male diagnosed with relapsing polychondritis suffered from bilateral scleritis, bilateral swelling of pinna, saddle nose and tracheal stenosis. The patient presented with right eye pain and redness for one month.

Topical tacrolimus in anterior segment inflammatory disorders.

Immune mediated inflammatory anterior segment diseases are variable and their management requires intense immunosuppression. Treatment with topical steroids is associated with serious ocular side effects. In order to overcome the potentially blinding complications of topical steroids, immunomodulatory drugs are being used more frequently.

Proposing new indicators for glaucoma healthcare service.

Glaucoma is the first leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide with increasing importance in public health. Indicators of glaucoma care quality as well as efficiency would benefit public health assessments, but are lacking. We propose three such indicators.