In silico identification and wet lab validation of novel cryptic B cell epitopes in ZnT8 zinc transporter autoantigen.

Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is a novel immunodominant autoantigen, associated with Type-1 diabetes. A non-synonymous polymorphism (R325W) in its gene is associated with Type-2 diabetes. In this study, we performed an in silico B cell epitope prediction followed by wetlab validation of ZnT8.

Ethnic differences in the prevalence of diabetes in underweight and normal weight individuals: The CARRS and NHANES studies.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes in lean individuals has recently come to attention. We assessed type 2 diabetes prevalence and the associated risk factors in underweight and normal weight individuals in two ethnic populations.

Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses, using representative samples of 4930 Asian Indians from the CARRS-Chennai Study and 2868 Whites from the NHANES Survey.

MicroRNAs from urinary extracellular vesicles are non-invasive early biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients with the 'Asian Indian phenotype'.

Aims: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) from extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as promising biomarkers for a number of diseases. In this study, their potential as urine-based biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy (DN) was assessed.

Methods: MiRNAs were profiled in urinary EVs from 160 fasting subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and in T2DM patients with either microalbumininuria (MIC) or macroalbuminuria (MAC).

Linking a role of lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) with insulin resistance, accelerated senescence, and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Studying epigenetics is expected to provide precious information on how environmental factors contribute to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at the genomic level. With the progress of the whole-genome resequencing efforts, it is now known that 75-90% of the human genome was transcribed to generate a series of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). While lncRNAs are gaining widespread attention as potential and robust biomarkers in the genesis as well as progression of several disease states, their clinical relevance and regulatory mechanisms are yet to be explored in the field of metabolic disorders including diabetes.

Body fat, metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia in South Asians.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is escalating in South Asian countries. South Asians display higher total and abdominal obesity at a lower BMI when compared to Whites. Consequently, metabolic dysfunction leading to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will account for a majority of the health burden of these countries.

15 Years of Experience with Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 in Type 2 Diabetes.

Since clinical experience with biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was reviewed in 2012 after 10 years of use worldwide, additional studies have been published that highlight new aspects, including use in real-world populations. Evidence from 35 new studies confirms and builds upon previous work indicating that BIAsp 30 continues to have pharmacodynamic and clinical advantages over biphasic human insulin (BHI 30), including in real-world practice with unselected populations of patients. BIAsp 30 has also been shown to be safe and efficacious as an add-on to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.

Interaction between TCF7L2 polymorphism and dietary fat intake on high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Recent evidence suggests that lifestyle factors influence the association between the Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene variants and cardio-metabolic traits in several populations; however, the available research is limited among the Asian Indian population. Hence, the present study examined whether the association between the MC4R single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs17782313) and two SNPs of the TCF7L2 gene (rs12255372 and rs7903146) and cardio-metabolic traits is modified by dietary factors and physical activity. This cross sectional study included a random sample of normal glucose tolerant (NGT) (n = 821) and participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 861) recruited from the urban part of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES).

Health-related quality of life variations by sociodemographic factors and chronic conditions in three metropolitan cities of South Asia: the CARRS study.

Objectives: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a key indicator of health. However, HRQOL data from representative populations in South Asia are lacking. This study aims to describe HRQOL overall, by age, gender and socioeconomic status, and examine the associations between selected chronic conditions and HRQOL in adults from three urban cities in South Asia.

TLR-induced secretion of novel cytokine IL-27 is defective in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic subjects.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the innate immune receptors, act as sentinels bridging both innate and adaptive arms of immunity. In the present study, we estimated TLR-induced secretion of IL-27, IL-12, IL-23, IL-8, IP-10, IL-17, IL-6 and TNF-α (by ELISA) and expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen- (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related (HLA-DR), CD69, CD80 (also known asB7-1) (by flowcytometry) and Activating Transcription Factor 3(ATF3) (by qRT-PCR) in whole blood cultures of control and type-2 diabetic (both newly diagnosed/NDD and known/KDM) subjects. TLR-induced secretion of IL-27 was significantly reduced in the NDD group compared to the control (Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT)) and KDM groups.

Associations of Sleep Duration and Disturbances With Hypertension in Metropolitan Cities of Delhi, Chennai, and Karachi in South Asia: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the CARRS Study.

Objectives: Sleep duration and disturbances may be risk factors for hypertension. Despite the high burden of hypertension in South Asia, little is known about this relationship in this region.

Methods: We analyzed population-level cross-sectional data from the Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) study that recruited representative samples of adults ≥ 20 years from three cities-Delhi, Chennai (India), and Karachi (Pakistan) during 2010-2011.

Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake, and cardiovascular disease and deaths in 18 countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study.

Background: The association between intake of fruits, vegetables, and legumes with cardiovascular disease and deaths has been investigated extensively in Europe, the USA, Japan, and China, but little or no data are available from the Middle East, South America, Africa, or south Asia.

Methods: We did a prospective cohort study (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology [PURE] in 135 335 individuals aged 35 to 70 years without cardiovascular disease from 613 communities in 18 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries in seven geographical regions: North America and Europe, South America, the Middle East, south Asia, China, southeast Asia, and Africa. We documented their diet using country-specific food frequency questionnaires at baseline.

Even minimal polishing of an Indian parboiled brown rice variety leads to increased glycemic responses.

Background And Objectives: To evaluate the effect of polishing on the glycemic properties of Indian parboiled brown rice.

Methods And Study Design: We evaluated the effect of different degrees of polishing on the glycemic and insulinemic responses of Bapatla (BPT-5204), Indian parboiled Indica rice variety. Brown rice (BR), under milled rice (UMR) and white rice (WR) with 2.

Challenges in diagnosis and management of diabetes in the young.

The prevalence of diabetes in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide, with profound implications on the long-term health of individuals, societies, and nations. The diagnosis and management of diabetes in youth presents several unique challenges. Although type 1 diabetes is more common among children and adolescents, the incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth is also on the rise, particularly among certain ethnic groups.

Association of circulatory asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) with diabetic nephropathy in Asian Indians and its causative role in renal cell injury.

Aim: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is involved in the regulation of nitric oxide synthesis and in the maintenance of vascular tone and structure. But the role and status of ADMA in diabetes induced kidney injury is not clear. Hence this study is investigating the role of ADMA in the progression of kidney injury and its circulatory status in Asian Indians with and without diabetic nephropathy.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors for its progression: A cross-sectional comparison of Indians living in Indian versus U.S. cities.

Background: While data from the latter part of the twentieth century consistently showed that immigrants to high-income countries faced higher cardio-metabolic risk than their counterparts in low- and middle-income countries, urbanization and associated lifestyle changes may be changing these patterns, even for conditions considered to be advanced manifestations of cardio-metabolic disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease [CKD]).

Glucose patterns during the OGTT and risk of future diabetes in an urban Indian population: The CARRS study.

Aims: Traditionally, fasting and 2-hour post challenge plasma glucose have been used to diagnose diabetes. However, evidence indicates that clinically relevant pathophysiological information can be obtained by adding intermediate time-points to a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Methods: We studied a population-based sample of 3666 Asian Indians without diabetes from the CARRS-Chennai Study, India.

High fat diet modifies the association of lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism with high density lipoprotein cholesterol in an Asian Indian population.

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipoprotein lipase gene () have been shown to influence metabolism related to lipid phenotypes. Dietary factors have been shown to modify the association between SNPs and lipids; however, to date, there are no studies in South Asians. Hence, we tested for the association of four common SNPs with plasma lipids and examined the interactions between the SNPs and dietary factors on lipids in 1,845 Asian Indians.

Augmentation of histone deacetylase 3 () epigenetic signature at the interface of proinflammation and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: A role of proinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes, but the up-stream regulatory signals and molecular signatures are poorly understood. While histone modifications such as changes in histone deacetylase (HDAC) are emerging as novel epigenetic biomarkers, there is lack of studies to demonstrate their clinical relevance in diabetes. Therefore, we investigated the extent of HDAC machinery and inflammatory signals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to control subjects.

High-fructose diet is as detrimental as high-fat diet in the induction of insulin resistance and diabetes mediated by hepatic/pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

In the context of high human consumption of fructose diets, there is an imperative need to understand how dietary fructose intake influence cellular and molecular mechanisms and thereby affect β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. While evidence exists for a relationship between high-fat-induced insulin resistance and metabolic disorders, there is lack of studies in relation to high-fructose diet. Therefore, we attempted to study the effect of different diets viz.

Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by probiotic strains of Indian gut origin in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice.

Purpose: Diabetes and obesity are characterized by glucose intolerance, fat deposition, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. Recent reports postulated that distinct gut microbiota alterations were observed in obese/diabetic subjects and modulating gut microbiota beneficially through specific probiotics could be a potential therapeutic option for type 2 diabetes/obesity. Therefore, we attempted to study the efficacy of probiotics of Indian gut origin (Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC5690 and Lactobacillus fermentum MTCC5689) along with a positive control, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) on glucose/lipid homeostasis in high-fat-diet-induced diabetic animal model.

Impact of Nutrition Transition and Resulting Morbidities on Economic and Human Development.

Introduction: Nutrition transition is an adverse outcome of rapid economic development and globalization. The present review documents the pattern of nutrition and health transition among different food groups leading to the growing global and national epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Method: Studies published in various national and international journals were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines from the year 2000 to 2015.

Increased serum levels of novel T cell cytokines IL-33, IL-9 and IL-17 in subjects with type-1 diabetes.

The role of adaptive immune cytokines in the pathogenesis of type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is well known. Even though reports on the serum levels of both Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines are available, those on newly described T cell cytokines such as IL-17, IL-33 and IL-9 in T1DM are scarce. We therefore measured the serum levels of both T cell polarizing (IL-33 and IL-12) and T cell effector (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-9) cytokines in T1DM subjects with and without microvascular (retinopathy and nephropathy) complications (MVC).

Erratum to: Interaction between FTO gene variants and lifestyle factors on metabolic traits in an Asian Indian population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0098-6.].

Interaction between FTO gene variants and lifestyle factors on metabolic traits in an Asian Indian population.

Background: Lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity have been shown to modify the association between fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variants and metabolic traits in several populations; however, there are no gene-lifestyle interaction studies, to date, among Asian Indians living in India. In this study, we examined whether dietary factors and physical activity modified the association between two FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs8050136 and rs11076023) (SNPs) and obesity traits and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: The study included 734 unrelated T2D and 884 normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) participants randomly selected from the urban component of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES).