Are Unhealthy Diets Contributing to the Rapid Rise of Type 2 Diabetes in India?

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate globally, particularly in India. In the urban areas, the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged ≥20 y, which was around 2% in the early 1970's, has increased by >20% in 50 y. The rapid nutrition transition due to high economic growth rates increased urbanization and globalization has resulted in higher intakes of processed refined grain staples, mainly white rice in Southern and Eastern India and refined wheat in Northern and Western India.

Comparison of gliclazide linagliptin on hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.

Background: Cardiovascular outcome trials have demonstrated cardiovascular safety of glimepiride (a sulfonylureas) against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin. Gliclazide (another newer sulfonylureas) has shown similar glycemic efficacy and 50% decreased risk of hypoglycemia compared to glimepiride.

Aim: Considering the absence of cardiovascular outcome trials for gliclazide, we decided to conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the car-diovascular (CV) safety by assessing the risk for major adverse CV events and hypoglycemia risk of gliclazide linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Modulatory effect of filarial infection on the systemic hormone levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome (DM-LF5).

Aim: Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a group of co-morbidities which include central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Previously, we reported that childhood lymphatic filariasis (LF) confers significant protection against type-1 and type-2 forms of diabetes, by means of immunomodulation. In the present study, we studied the effect of LF on endocrine dysfunction in MS and Non-MS patients in baseline and after 10 years of follow-up.

Two decades of diabetes prevention efforts: A call to innovate and revitalize our approach to lifestyle change.

The impact of global diabetes prevention efforts has been modest despite the promise of landmark diabetes prevention trials nearly twenty years ago. While national and regional initiatives show potential, challenges remain to adapt large-scale strategies in the real-world that fits individuals and their communities. Additionally, the sedentary lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and guidelines that now call for earlier screening (e.

Higher Intake of Dairy Is Associated with Lower Cardiometabolic Risks and Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians.

There is conflicting evidence about the association between dairy products and cardiometabolic risk (CMR). We aimed to assess the association of total dairy intake with CMR factors and to investigate the association of unfermented and fermented dairy intake with CMR in Asian Indians who are known to have greater susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases compared to white Europeans. The study comprised 1033 Asian Indian adults with normal glucose tolerance chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES).

Impact of Lipid Genetic Risk Score and Saturated Fatty Acid Intake on Central Obesity in an Asian Indian Population.

Abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been linked to the development of obesity. We used a nutrigenetic approach to establish a link between lipids and obesity in Asian Indians, who are known to have a high prevalence of central obesity and dyslipidaemia. A sample of 497 Asian Indian individuals (260 with type 2 diabetes and 237 with normal glucose tolerance) (mean age: 44 ± 10 years) were randomly chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES).

Early retinal functional alteration in relation to diabetes duration in patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy.

To examine the retinal structure and function in relation to diabetes duration and glycemia in patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR). 85 adults with type 2 diabetes without DR or macular edema underwent dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultra-wide field fundus photography, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and HbA assessment. Patients were stratified as those with diabetes duration < 10 years and ≥ 10 years.

The role of oral semaglutide in managing type 2 diabetes in Indian clinical settings: Addressing the unmet needs.

Aims: Despite their established benefits, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) remain underutilized for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management, which indicates that subcutaneous injection is an unfavorable mode of delivery from the patient's perspective. This review summarizes existing challenges related to medication adherence and the use of antihyperglycemia injectables, revisits the established safety and efficacy of oral semaglutide, and explores its features and considerations for use among the Indian T2DM population.

Methods: We performed a literature search using MEDLINE and the National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry from July 1, 2016, to July 1, 2021, to identify publications on oral semaglutide approval, T2DM treatment guidelines, and clinical evidence for oral drug formulation.

Decreased leukocyte exhaustion is associated with decreased IFN-β and increased α-defensin-1 levels in type-2 diabetes.

Pan-leukocyte exhaustion is a physiological process associated with immune homeostasis. Too much of immune exhaustion can lead to immune impairment and increased susceptibility to infections and cancer; too little can lead to chronic inflammation. Since type-2 diabetes subjects have both impaired immunity and metainflammation, we looked at TLR induced pan-immune exhaustion and its regulation, in these subjects.

Inter-observer agreement in grading severity of diabetic retinopathy in wide-field fundus photographs.

Objective: To examine the inter-observer agreement between two retina specialists in grading diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity in ultra-wide-field fundus photographs.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy patients with diabetes, who visited the vitreoretinal specialty at a tertiary eye care hospital, with or without DR underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, dilated retinal exam and Optos ultra-wide-field (UWF) retinal photography. Optos images were graded for DR severity based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale by two retina specialists with same number of years of experience, masked to the clinical details of the participants.

Role and importance of high fiber in diabetes management in India.

Background & Aims: India is facing a triple burden of pre-diabetes, diabetes, and obesity. Unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity have been linked to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite dietary recommendations, individuals consume inadequate amounts or unsuitable type of dietary fiber (DF) which needs correction.

Cardiovascular disease risk profile of Indian young adults with type 1 diabetes compared to general population - A sub-study from the Young Diabetes Registry (YDR), India.

Objective: We estimated the prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors among young adults with type 1 diabetes and compared them with the general population without diabetes.

Methods: Participants were young adults (aged 20 years and above) with type 1 diabetes, from the Delhi and Chennai sites of the ICMR -Young Diabetes Registry (YDR) and their age, gender and location matched controls, without diabetes from the CARRS (Cardio metabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia) cohort. YDR and CARRS used similar standard methodologies to quantify the CVD risk factors.

Assessment of optical coherence tomography angiography and multifocal electroretinography in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: To examine (i) the retinal structure and function using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), respectively, in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), (ii) and their interrelationship between retinal structure (OCTA) and function (mfERG) in the two groups independently.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study. One hundred twenty-one eligible participants with type 2 diabetes with No DR (n = 89), or with mild or moderate NPDR (n = 32) underwent ophthalmic examination, ultrawide field-view fundus photography, OCTA, and mfERG.

Regional variation in diabetic retinopathy and associated factors in Spectrum of Eye Disease in Diabetes (SPEED) study in India-Report 5.

Purpose: To study the zonal variations in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and associated factors in people with known type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending large eye care facilities in different regions of India.

Methods: In this cross-sectional eye-care facility-based study, India was divided into five zones; large eye care facilities with a good referral base and offering an entire range of care for patients with DR were invited. First-time T2DM attendees aged ≥18 years were recruited.

Zone-wise examination of optical coherence tomography features and their correspondence to multifocal electroretinography in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: To examine (1) the retinal structure by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and function by means of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (2) for correspondence between local retinal function and OCT zones with retinal lesions.

Methods: One hundred and thirty-two eligible participants (30 with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and 102 with diabetes with no DR) underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography for retinal thickness measures, mfERG, and ultra-wide field fundus photography. OCT Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid was overlaid on to mfERG plots.

Insulin gene mutations linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus in Indian population.

Background And Aim: Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare monogenic disorder of pancreatic beta cell mass and/or function. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the INS gene mutations in a cohort of children with Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (PNDM) and to explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of PNDM caused by INS mutations.

Methods: Direct sequencing of all exons of INS genes was carried out in 189 children with PNDM.

Augmented Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Under Conditions of Diabetes-Filariasis Comorbidity.

Metainflammation, as seen in chronic diabetes subjects, impairs immunity and increases the susceptibility to infections. In the present study, the effect of diabetes on immune response against filariasis was studied. Both toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated and crude antigen-induced immune responses were quantified, in whole blood cultures from filariasis-infected subjects (LF+), with and without diabetes.

Retrospective analysis (2009-2017) of factors associated with progression and regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Hepatic steatosis) in patients with type 2 diabetes seen at a tertiary diabetes centre in Southern India.

Aim: To identify the profiles and factors associated with progression/regression of ultrasound-derived hepatic steatosis with type 2 diabetes mellitus seen at a tertiary diabetes center in southern India.

Methods: Participants were individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with at least two consecutive ultrasound measurements available. Hepatic steatosis was assessed using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography.

Retinal structure-function correlation in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To examine the relationship of visual function as assessed by visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) to macular structural and microvascular measures on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography (OCTA) in individuals with diabetes.

Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary eye care centre in India. Right eyes of 121 adults with type 2 diabetes with no diabetic retinopathy (DR), mild or moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR) were examined.

Accuracy of 1-Hour Plasma Glucose During the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: A Meta-analysis.

Objective: One-hour plasma glucose (1-h PG) during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an accurate predictor of type 2 diabetes. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the optimum cutoff of 1-h PG for detection of type 2 diabetes using 2-h PG as the gold standard.

Research Design And Methods: We included 15 studies with 35,551 participants from multiple ethnic groups (53.