Spatiotemporal patterns of greenhouse gas fluxes in the subtropical wetland ecosystem of Indian Himalayan foothill.

The study characterized the temporal and spatial variability in greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes (CO, CH, and NO) between December 2020 and November 2021 and their regulating drivers in the subtropical wetland of the Indian Himalayan foothill. Five distinct habitats (M1-sloppy surface at swamp forest, M2-plain surface at swamp forest, M3-swamp surface with small grasses, M4-marshy land with dense macrophytes, and M5-marshy land with sparse macrophytes) were studied. We conducted in situ measurements of GHG fluxes, microclimate (AT, ST, and SMC), and soil properties (pH, EC, N, P, K, and SOC) in triplicates in all the habitat types.

Chir pine and banj oak responses to pre-monsoon drought across slope aspects and positions in Central Himalaya.

The difference in maintaining a safety margin with regard to hydraulic conductance between pine and oak species influences their distribution in a region. Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) and banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) are the principal species of Central Himalayan forests between 1000 and 2000 m elevations. Nearly 80% of annual precipitation of ~ 1400 mm in the region occurs during monsoon, from mid-June to September, whereafter droughts of varying length and intensity are common.