Self-Reported Arrests Among Indigenous Adolescents: a Longitudinal Analysis of Community, Family, and Individual Risk Factors.

Purpose: North American indigenous (American Indian/Canadian First Nations) adolescents are overrepresented in the juvenile justice systems in the USA and Canada. One explanation advanced for disproportionate numbers of racial and ethnic minorities in the justice systems is the unequal distribution of risk factors across groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for first arrest within a population sample of indigenous adolescents.

The PULSE Vision & Change Rubrics, Version 1.0: A Valid and Equitable Tool to Measure Transformation of Life Sciences Departments at All Institution Types.

The PULSE Vision & Change Rubrics, version 1.0, assess life sciences departments' progress toward implementation of the principles of the Vision and Change report. This paper reports on the development of the rubrics, their validation, and their reliability in measuring departmental change aligned with the Vision and Change recommendations.

Climate modifies response of non-native and native species richness to nutrient enrichment.

Ecosystem eutrophication often increases domination by non-natives and causes displacement of native taxa. However, variation in environmental conditions may affect the outcome of interactions between native and non-native taxa in environments where nutrient supply is elevated. We examined the interactive effects of eutrophication, climate variability and climate average conditions on the success of native and non-native plant species using experimental nutrient manipulations replicated at 32 grassland sites on four continents.

Interactive effects within the prototype willingness model: Predicting the drinking behavior of indigenous early adolescents.

Drawing on the Prototype/Willingness Model of Adolescent Risk Behavior, we used longitudinal data collected from North American Indigenous early adolescents (ages 10-12 years) to examine the interactive effects of favorable drinker prototypes, perceived drinking norms, and past-year drinking behavior on subsequent drinking behavior (i.e., drinking behavior 1 year later and growth in drinking behavior from 1-5 years later).

Comment on "Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness".

Fraser et al. (Reports, 17 July 2015, p. 302) report a unimodal relationship between productivity and species richness at regional and global scales, which they contrast with the results of Adler et al.

Homelessness-Related Traumatic Events and PTSD Among Women Experiencing Episodes of Homelessness in Three U.S. Cities.

In this article, we report the prevalence of traumatic events (TEs), lifetime and 12-month posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 148 women experiencing homelessness in 3 midsized cities in the United States (Omaha, NE, Pittsburgh, PA, and Portland, OR). The women ranged in age from 19 to 54 years with an average age of 38.89 years (SD = 10.

Applied circular dichroism: a facile spectroscopic tool for configurational assignment and determination of enantiopurity.

In order to determine if electronic circular dichroism (ECD) is a good tool for the qualitative evaluation of absolute configuration and enantiopurity in the absence of chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ECD studies were performed on several prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs. Cotton effects (CE) were observed for both S and R isomers between 200 and 300 nm. For the drugs examined in this study, the S isomers showed a negative CE, while the R isomers displayed a positive CE.

Synthesis of a Fluorophore with Improved Optical Brightness.

The synthesis and characterization of a novel fluorophore(), with potential application as an optical brightener are reported. This compound was prepared by reacting 4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid with cyanuric chloride in the presence of NaCO followed by the addition of trityl aniline. Solution and solid state fluorescence demonstrated a strong blue/purple emission centered at 450 nm.

Reactive Arrays of Colorimetric Sensors for Metabolite and Steroid Identification.

The work described herein examines a rapid mix-and-measure method called DETECHIP suitable for screening of steroids and metabolites. The addition of steroids and metabolites to reactive arrays of colorimetric sensors generated characteristic color "fingerprints" that were used to identify the analyte. A color analysis tool was used to identify the analyte pool that now includes biologically relevant analytes.

Intermolecular Interactions between Eosin Y and Caffeine Using H-NMR Spectroscopy.

DETECHIP has been used in testing analytes including caffeine, cocaine, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from marijuana, as well as date rape and club drugs such as flunitrazepam, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and methamphetamine. This study investigates the intermolecular interaction between DETECHIP sensor eosin Y (DC1) and the analyte (caffeine) that is responsible for the fluorescence and color changes observed in the actual array. Using H-NMR, H-COSY, and H-DOSY NMR methods, a proton exchange from C-8 of caffeine to eosin Y is proposed.

Using flatbed scanners to collect high-resolution time-lapsed images of the arabidopsis root gravitropic response.

Research efforts in biology increasingly require use of methodologies that enable high-volume collection of high-resolution data. A challenge laboratories can face is the development and attainment of these methods. Observation of phenotypes in a process of interest is a typical objective of research labs studying gene function and this is often achieved through image capture.

Detecting Concentration of Analytes with DETECHIP: A Molecular Sensing Array.

DETECHIP is a detection system made of various sensors that has been shown to detect and discriminate between small molecules of interest, including various illicit and over-the-counter drugs. Previously, detection was normalized to a single concentration of analyte. Now this detection assay can detect concentration differences in analytes via red, green, and blue color value changes and shifts in the UV-Vis spectra of the assay.

Wild Plum: novel blue fluorescent compounds capable of luminosity restoration in sun-exposed skin.

Background: Novel, blue fluorescent solids referred to as Wild Plum compounds can camouflage skin imperfections when incorporated into cosmetic products. We evaluated the relationship between sun exposure and skin fluorescence and determined if the application of Wild Plum formulations could restore lost fluorescence without harming the skin.

Methods: The forehead skin of two groups of volunteers of mixed gender and age was examined for fluorescence and redness.

Digital Image Analysis for DETCHIP Code Determination.

DETECHIP is a molecular sensing array used for identification of a large variety of substances. Previous methodology for the analysis of DETECHIP used human vision to distinguish color changes induced by the presence of the analyte of interest. This paper describes several analysis techniques using digital images of DETECHIP.

Improved image analysis of DETECHIP allows for increased specificity in drug discrimination.

DETECHIP is a novel molecular sensing array being developed for the detection and identification of a variety of compounds including controlled substances. This easy to use technology has the ability to produce a unique identifying binary code for each substance tested. Original analysis methodology relied on human vision to classify color and fluorescence changes within the array.

Sulfonated Ni(II)porphyrin improves the detection of Z-DNA in condensed and non-condensed BZB DNA sequences.

We report a very selective and sensitive spectroscopic detection of Z-DNA embedded in B-DNA in condensed as well as non-condensed DNA using anionic Ni(II) meso-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphyrin, NiTPPS. A combination of micromolar concentrations of Ni(II) and spermine(4+) allowed us to prepare left-handed Z-DNA in short oligonucleotides without DNA condensation. A strong induced circular dichroism (ICD) signal was observed in the visible absorption region when NiTPPS was added to BZ DNA (Z-DNA fragment located at the end of a B-DNA tract with one B/Z DNA junction) and BZB DNA (Z-DNA sequence embedded in B-DNA having two B/Z DNA junctions).

Enzymatic Resolution of 1-Phenylethanol and Formation of a Diastereomer: An Undergraduate H NMR Experiment To Introduce Chiral Chemistry.

This organic laboratory experiment introduces students to stereoselective enzyme reactions, resolution of enantiomers, and NMR analysis of diastereomers. The reaction between racemic 1-phenylethanol and vinyl acetate in hexane to form an ester is catalyzed by acylase I. The unreacted alcohol is then treated with a chiral acid and the resulting ester diastereomer is analyzed by NMR.

Wild Plum: novel particles of improved optical brightness and fluorescence.

A novel compound named Wild Plum fluoresces blue, and has been synthesized to camouflage skin imperfections, addressing the market demand for an anti-aging product. Wild Plum imparts optical brightness and fluorescence and can be used as an ingredient in cosmetic formulations. Skin appearance before and after application of Wild Plum compounds demonstrated an improved appearance of skin including a decreased number of wrinkles.

Enantiodiscrimination of methamphetamine by circular dichroism using a porphyrin tweezer.

Using exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) spectroscopy, our lab was able to differentiate between the two enantiomers of methamphetamine using a commercially available porphyrin tweezer as an achiral host. The host-guest complex formed with (+)-(S)-methamphetamine produced a negative bisignate-shaped ECCD spectrum, whereas the complex formed with (-)-(R)-methamphetamine produced a positive one. This sensitive technique could serve as an alternative method for the enantiodiscrimination of chiral methamphetamine, a commonly abused drug in the United States.

Three-year analysis of characteristics of learning disabled students in self-contained classrooms and resource rooms.

The present investigation examined the characteristics of school-identified learning disabled students from a large metropolitan school district in Tennessee. While it corroborated several findings of previous surveys of such students, this report also supplemented the literature by comparing the differences within a three-year span of time between school-identified learning disabled students who were assigned to self-contained classrooms and those who were assigned to resource rooms. Among the major findings were the presence of initial differences in IQ between self-contained and resource room students, the absence of differences in initial achievement scores between these two groups, and a decline over time in IQ, arithmetic, and spelling scores for both groups.