Hippocampal Volume in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Speech and Language Delay.

Introduction: Hippocampus is a complex brain structure located deep in the temporal lobes of the brain. The structure has been implicated in several disorders related to cognition. Reports are emerging of its involvement in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Decline of Malaria Incidence in Three Villages of Thar Desert, India: The Impact of Use of Insecticide-Treated Nets.

Background: Malaria is the most important tropical and parasitic disease in the world. Endophagy of many malaria vectors advocates that impeding their entry into houses and preventing their contact with the occupants from infective bites could protect them against malaria.

Methods: The study was carried out in Jaisalmer District, India and three villages were selected as test villages and three as control.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Severely Malnourished Children Admitted to Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers: A Multicenter Study.

Objectives: To identify prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in severely malnourished children admitted to nutritional rehabilitation centers.

Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study involving 41 nutrition rehabilitation centres (NRCs) across India was carried out to document prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in acute severe malnourished children admitted in NRCs. After training of the NRC staff to follow algorithm provided by national tuberculosis elimination program, children admitted to NRCs were screened for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain lineage in mixed tribal population across India and Andaman Nicobar Island.

In India, the tribal population constitutes almost 8.6% of the nation's total population. Despite their large presence, there are only a few reports available on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.

Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the tribal populations in India.

Importance: There is no concrete evidence on the burden of TB among the tribal populations across India except for few studies mainly conducted in Central India with a pooled estimation of 703/100,000 with a high degree of heterogeneity.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of TB among the tribal populations in India.

Design, Participants, Setting: A survey using a multistage cluster sampling design was conducted between April 2015 and March 2020 covering 88 villages (clusters) from districts with over 70% tribal majority populations in 17 States across 6 zones of India.

Understanding health care-seeking behaviour of the tribal population in India among those with presumptive TB symptoms.

Background And Objectives: Understanding the drivers for care-seeking among those who present with symptoms of TB is crucial for early diagnosis of TB and prompt treatment, which will in turn halt further TB transmission. While TB is a challenge among the tribal population, little is known about the care-seeking behaviour and the factors influencing care-seeking behaviour among the tribal population across India.

Methodology: This community-based descriptive study was carried out in 17 states of India across 6 zones, covering 88 villages from tribal districts with over 70% tribal population.

Hepatitis-B virus infection in India: Findings from a nationally representative serosurvey, 2017-18.

Introduction: India introduced a hepatitis-B (HB) vaccine in the Universal Immunization Program in 2002-2003 on a pilot basis, expanded to ten states in 2007-2008 (phase-1), and the entire country in 2011-2012 (phase-2). We tested sera from a nationally representative serosurvey conducted duing 2017, to estimate the seroprevalence of different markers of HB infection among children aged 5-17 years in India and to assess the impact of vaccination.

Methods: We tested sera from 8273 children for different markers of HB infection and estimated weighted age-group specific seroprevalence of children who were chronically infected (HBsAg and anti-HBc positive), and immune due to past infection (anti-HBc positive and HBsAg negative), and having serological evidence of HB vaccination (only anti-HBs positive).

Health risk assessment of heavy metals and strontium in groundwater used for drinking and cooking in 58 villages of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of water for drinking and cooking in rural India. A total of 382 groundwater samples were collected from 58 villages and analyzed for HMs and Sr by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The average concentrations of HMs and Sr in water was in the order of strontium (Sr) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr) > lead (Pb) > mercury (Hg) > cadmium (Cd).

Prolonged consumption of grass pea (64 g/Cu/day) along with millets and other cereals causes no neurolathyrism.

To assess the safe limit of L. sativus (grass pea) consumption along with cereals and millets. A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in three districts (Bilaspur, Durg and Raipur) of Chhattisgarh state.

Burden of dengue infection in India, 2017: a cross-sectional population based serosurvey.

Background: The burden of dengue virus (DENV) infection across geographical regions of India is poorly quantified. We estimated the age-specific seroprevalence, force of infection, and number of infections in India.

Methods: We did a community-based survey in 240 clusters (118 rural, 122 urban), selected from 60 districts of 15 Indian states from five geographical regions.

A review of selected nutrition & health surveys in India.

Assessment of the status of health and nutrition of a population is imperative to design and implement sound public health policies and programmes. The various extensive national health and nutrition surveys provide national-level information on different domains of health. These provide vital information and statistics for the country, and the data generated are used to identify the prevalence and risk factors for the diseases and health challenges faced by a country.

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in India & way forward.

Deficiency of vitamin D or hypovitaminosis D is widespread irrespective of age, gender, race and geography and has emerged as an important area of research. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to osteoporosis (osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children) along with calcium deficiency. Its deficiency is linked with low bone mass, weakness of muscles and increased risk of fracture.

Prevention & control of fluorosis & linked disorders: Developments in the 21 Century - Reaching out to patients in the community & hospital settings for recovery.

The review on fluorosis addresses the genesis of the disease, diagnostic protocols developed, mitigation and recovery through nutritional interventions. It reveals the structural and functional damages caused to skeletal muscle and erythrocytes, leading to clinical manifestations in fluorosis. Hormonal derangements resulting in serious abnormalities in the health of children and adults are discussed.

Micronutrient status of Indian population.

Micronutrients play an important role in the proper growth and development of the human body and its deficiency affects the health contributing to low productivity and vicious cycle of malnutrition, underdevelopment as well as poverty. Micronutrient deficiency is a public health problem affecting more than one-fourth of the global population. Several programmes have been launched over the years in India to improve nutrition and health status of the population; however, a large portion of the population is still affected by micronutrient deficiency.

A Comparative Study of Energy Contents in Mosquito Vectors of Malaria and Dengue Prevailing in Jodhpur City (Thar Desert) of Rajasthan State, India.

Background: Transmission of malaria and dengue in the desert part of India is mainly caused by and respectively. The maintenance and transmission of the pathogens that cause malaria and dengue are dependent on the physiology of the mosquito vectors. We aimed to measure the energy contents in the mosquitoes transmitting malaria and dengue in the desert part of the country.

Current scenario of consumption of Lathyrus sativus and lathyrism in three districts of Chhattisgarh State, India.

Lathyrism is a disease caused by excessive consumption of grass pea, Lathyrus sativus especially under conditions of severe drought. Grass pea contains 3-N-oxalyl-L-2, 3-diaminopropanoic acid (β-ODAP) a putative neurotoxin which acts through excitatory mechanism causing Neurolathyrism. Due to awareness of the disease, availability of food and levels of consumption of L.

Age of initial cohort of dengue patients could explain the origin of disease outbreak in a setting: a case control study in Rajasthan, India.

Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a public health problem with 390 million cases reported in world annually. In Rajasthan, DF with DHF is being reported for about two decades. For undertaking interventions into disease transmission, locating origin of transmission is very important.

Diagnosis and treatment of paediatric tuberculosis: An insight review.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, invading all age groups world-wide. It is an opportunistic infection affecting the individuals alone or with co-infections. Childhood TB is a neglected aspect and a significant health problem in epidemic areas.

Validation of ICMR index for identification of dental fluorosis in epidemiological studies.

Background & Objectives: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) formulated a Task Force on dental fluorosis and recommended the subgroup to develop a simplified index for identification and grading of dental fluorosis to be used by the health workers. This study was conducted to pre-test the 'ICMR Index for Dental Fluorosis' in the field to check its reliability and reproducibility.

Methods: A total of 600 photographs were taken, 150 in each grade of fluorosis by screening 14-17 yr school children from eight schools of Hisar (Haryana) and South west Delhi.

Comparative analysis of midgut bacterial communities in three aedine mosquito species from dengue-endemic and non-endemic areas of Rajasthan, India.

Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female aedine mosquitoes. Differences in the composition and structure of bacterial communities in the midguts of mosquitoes may affect the vector's ability to transmit the disease. To investigate and analyse the role of midgut bacterial communities in viral transmission, midgut bacteria from three species, namely Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti), Fredwardsius vittatus (= Aedes vittatus) and Stegomyia albopicta (= Aedes albopictus) (all: Diptera: Culicidae), from dengue-endemic and non-endemic areas of Rajasthan, India were compared.

Rare occurrence of natural transovarial transmission of dengue virus and elimination of infected foci as a possible intervention method.

Transovarial transmission of dengue virus has been studied in 33 districts of Rajasthan, India. Small proportion (1.09%) of breeding containers positive for the virus and their elimination has been demonstrated as a possible intervention method of disease control.