Remarkable antitumor effect of nivolumab in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma previously treated with a peptide-based vaccine.

Introduction: The safety and efficacy of combination therapy comprising immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer-specific peptide vaccines have not yet been established.

Case Presentation: A 71-year-old female metastatic renal cell carcinoma patient with multiple lung and pleural metastases. She had been treated with interferon alpha, sunitinib, axitinib, and pazopanib sequentially, but no clinical efficacy was observed.