Thyroid cancer (TC) includes types like papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic, with increasing cases globally, particularly in countries such as the U.S., China, and several European nations.
The review examines factors influencing thyroid function and TC risk, emphasizing lifestyle choices (like nutrition and smoking) and environmental pollutants that raise thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels linked to TC prevalence.
It discusses the impact of oral and gut microbiota on thyroid health and suggests that maintaining a balanced microbiome could help regulate thyroid function, highlighting the potential benefits of probiotics in TC treatment while calling for more research in this area.