Application of low-dose FDG-PET/MRI for quantification of lung changes in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis: a new inflammatory index.

Background: Clinical severity and progression of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) are significantly influenced by the degree of lung inflammation. Non-invasive quantitative diagnostic tools are desirable to differentiate structural and inflammatory lung changes in order to help prevent chronic airway disease. This might also be helpful for the evaluation of longitudinal effects of novel therapeutics.

Oncogenic mutant KRAS inhibition through oxidation at cysteine 118.

Specific reactive oxygen species activate the GTPase Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) by reacting with cysteine 118 (C118), leading to an electron transfer between C118 and nucleoside guanosine diphosphate (GDP), which causes the release of GDP. Here, we have mimicked permanent oxidation of human KRAS at C118 by replacing C118 with aspartic acid (C118D) in KRAS to show that oncogenic mutant KRAS is selectively inhibited via oxidation at C118, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the combined treatment of hydrogen-peroxide-producing pro-oxidant paraquat and nitric-oxide-producing inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester selectively inhibits human mutant KRAS activity by inducing oxidization at C118.

LGALS3BP: A Potential Prognostic Biomarker Influencing Antitumor Immunity in Triple-negative Breast Cancer.

Objective: LGALS3BP exhibits differential expression in various types of tumors. This study aimed to analyze its potential diagnostic and prognostic value in Triple- negative Breast Cancer (TNBC).

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of LGALS3BP's differential expression and its association with patient survival outcomes using data from public databases.

Niosomal Encapsulation of Anti-Cancer Peptides: A Revolutionary Strategy in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer treatment has evolved significantly over the years, incorporating a range of modalities including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, challenges such as drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and poor targeting necessitate innovative approaches. Peptides have gained attention in cancer therapy due to their specificity, potency, and ability to modulate various biological pathways.

Comprehensive reanalysis of light fluence distribution in pleural photodynamic therapy using standardized anatomical coordinates.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise as an adjuvant treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma when combined with surgical resection. Accurate light dosimetry is critical for treatment efficacy. This study presents an improved method for analyzing light fluence distribution in pleural PDT using a standardized anatomical coordinate system and advanced computational modeling.

Is There Gender Disparity in RANZCR Radiation Oncology Grants and Prizes Success?

Introduction: Recent RANZCR studies have demonstrated gender disparity in research publication output of both radiation oncology (RO) trainees and specialists, favouring men. The purpose of this project was to examine success rates by gender of grant and prize (G&P) submissions to the RO Research Committee (RORC) to determine if anything needs to be done about the appraisal process to potentially address that disparity.

Methods: College records between 2011 and 2024 (where applicable) were searched by gender for one RO trainee, and two other research manuscript prizes, and two research grant rounds.

Brain-derived textiloma post glioblastoma resection and application of oxidized regenerated cellulose: A pilot, bedside-to-bench, translational study.

Oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC; marketed as Surgicel® and Tabotamp®) is routinely used as an intraoperative hemostatic agent. Rarely, residual ORC has been associated with a foreign body reaction generating cystic or granulomatous lesions (i.e.

Separation Surgery Followed by Conformal Postoperative Spine Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Does Not Increase Risk of Adjacent Spine Level Progression in the Management of Spine Metastases.

Objectives: To determine if piecemeal separation surgery, in conjunction with smaller treatment volumes utilized with spine stereotactic radiation therapy (S-SBRT), increased the risk of adjacent level progression (ALP).

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of adult spine oncologic patients who underwent SBRT to the spine at University of Michigan from 2010 to 2021. We compared ALP in patients undergoing SBRT who had pretreatment surgery with those who did not.

Pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in high-risk, early-stage, ER/HER2 breast cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial.

Addition of pembrolizumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by adjuvant pembrolizumab improved outcomes in patients with high-risk, early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer. However, whether the addition of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab to chemotherapy would improve outcomes in high-risk, early-stage, estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (ER/HER2) breast cancer remains unclear. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study (KEYNOTE-756) in which patients with previously untreated ER/HER2 grade 3 high-risk invasive breast cancer (T1c-2 (≥2 cm), cN1-2 or T3-4, cN0-2) were randomly assigned (1:1) to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo Q3W given with paclitaxel QW for 12 weeks, followed by four cycles of doxorubicin or epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide Q2W or Q3W.

Evaluation of MRI characterisation of histopathologically matched lymph nodes and other mesorectal nodal structures in rectal cancer.

Purpose: To evaluate current MRI-based criteria for malignancy in mesorectal nodal structures in rectal cancer.

Method: Mesorectal nodal structures identified on baseline MRI as lymph nodes were anatomically compared to their corresponding structures histopathologically, reported as lymph nodes, tumour deposits or extramural venous invasion. All anatomically matched nodal structures from patients with primary surgery and all malignant nodal structures from patients with neoadjuvant treatment were included.

Prognostic value of CT-based skeletal muscle and adipose tissue mass and quality parameters in patients with liver metastases and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma undergoing Yttrium-90 radioembolization.

Objectives: To investigate baseline patient characteristics associated with the risk of computed tomography (CT)-based sarcopenia and assess whether sarcopenia and other morphometric parameters influence survival outcomes in patients with liver metastases and cholangiocarcinoma after Yttrium-90 radioembolization.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 120 cancer patients (mean age, 62 ± 13.3 years, 61 men) who underwent preprocedural CT.

Myeloablative conditioning in cord blood transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia patients is efficacious only until age 55.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) is accepted as an effective treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC), rather than myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regimens allowed elderly patients to be treated safely. However, appropriate intensities of conditioning regimens are still unclear, especially for middle-aged patients. To compare outcomes after RIC and MAC regimens, we analyzed AML patients aged 16 years or older in the Japanese registry database, who underwent single cord unit CBT between 2010-2019.

Artificial neural network detection of pancreatic cancer from proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy patterns of plasma metabolites.

Background: Routine screening to detect silent but deadly cancers such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can significantly improve survival, creating an important need for a convenient screening test. High-resolution proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of plasma identifies circulating metabolites that can allow detection of cancers such as PDAC that have highly dysregulated metabolism.

Methods: We first acquired 1H MR spectra of human plasma samples classified as normal, benign pancreatic disease and malignant (PDAC).

Targeting SRSF1 improves cancer immunotherapy by dually acting on CD8T and tumor cells.

Serine arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) is a key oncogenic splicing factor in various cancers, promoting abnormal gene expression through post-translational regulation. Although the protumoral function of SRSF1 is well-established, the effects of inhibiting tumor-intrinsic SRSF1 on the tumor microenvironment and its impact on CD8 T cell-mediated antitumor immunity remain unclear. Our findings indicate that depleting SRSF1 in CD8 T cells improve antitumor immune function, glycolytic metabolism, and the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.

The Co-IMPACT Consortium: Integrating Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography and Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer Care.

The Co-IMPACT consortium addresses knowledge gaps in prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer by establishing a global database (46 centres from 16 countries) to standardise and analyse data across four distinguished clinical scenarios. A collaborative model with the Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference aligns urgent clinical needs with actionable research insights.

Under-representation for Female Pelvis Cancers in Commercial Auto-segmentation Solutions and Open-source Imaging Datasets.

Aim: Artificial intelligence (AI) based auto-segmentation aids radiation therapy (RT) workflows and is being adopted in clinical environments facilitated by the increased availability of commercial solutions for organs at risk (OARs). In addition, open-source imaging datasets support training for new auto-segmentation algorithms. Here, we studied if the female and male anatomies are equally represented among these solutions.

Evaluation of AI-based auto-contouring tools in radiotherapy: A single-institution study.

Background: Accurate delineation of organs at risk (OARs) is crucial yet time-consuming in the radiotherapy treatment planning workflow. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) technologies had made automation of OAR contouring feasible. This report details a single institution's experience in evaluating two commercial auto-contouring software tools and making well-informed decisions about their clinical adoption.

Cost-minimization analysis of the GORTEC 2014-04 randomized phase II study of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) or chemotherapy-SABR in oligometastatic head and neck cancer.

Purpose: The randomized phase II GORTEC 2014-04 and French Head and Neck Intergroup study showed deeper deterioration of the quality of life (HRQoL) and dramatically higher severe toxicity rates with similar overall survival rates using chemo-SABR compared to SABR alone in oligometastatic head and neck cancer (HNSCC) patients. We evaluated the costs associated with SABR-alone versus chemo-SABR and their associated costs (transportation, hospitalizations, etc).

Materials And Methods: 69 HNSCC patients with 1-3 oligometastases and a controlled primary were randomized from September 2015 to October 2022.

S-ketamine alleviates morphine-induced hyperalgesia via decreasing the gut Enterobacteriaceae levels: Comparison with R-ketamine.

Background: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a serious complication during the pain treatment. Ketamine has been commonly reported to treat OIH, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Gut microbiota is recently recognized as one of the important mechanisms underlying the occurrence and treatment of OIH.

Systems-level immunomonitoring in children with solid tumors to enable precision medicine.

Cancer is the leading cause of death from disease in children. Survival depends not only on surgery, cytostatic drugs, and radiation but also on systemic immune responses. Factors influencing these immune responses in children of different ages and tumor types are unknown.

Addition of PARP1-inhibition enhances chemoradiotherapy and thermoradiotherapy when treating cervical cancer in an mouse model.

Efficacy of current treatment options for cervical cancer require improvement. Previous studies have shown the enhancing effects of the addition of PARP1-inhibitors to chemoradiotherapy and thermoradiotherapy. The aim of our present study was to test efficacy of different combinations of treatment modalities radiotherapy, cisplatin, hyperthermia and PARP1-inhibitors using tumor models, treated patient samples and tumor models.

Integral cross section measurement of the F( γ, n)F reaction for 12-20 MeV bremsstrahlung photons.

F radioactive isotope is widely used in PET imaging for nuclear medicine. Medical linear accelerators producing high-flux bremsstrahlung beams up to 20 MeV are commonly used in radiation therapy. Hence, the production of F through photon-induced channels will reduce many of the intricacies in transportation and handling.

Expression rate of LAT1 in high-grade parotid gland carcinoma and potential of BNCT as a treatment option for recurrent parotid gland carcinoma.

Purpose: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) perform as a treatment option for locally advanced or recurrent unresectable head and neck cancers since June 2020 in Japan. The effect of BNCT on parotid carcinoma, which presents a variety of histologic types, remains unclear. The object of this study was to investigate the antitumor efficacy of BNCT against parotid gland carcinoma by focusing on LAT1, which is involved in the uptake of L-BPA, the boron compound used in BNCT.

Optimizing energy threshold selection for low-concentration contrast agent quantification in small animal photon-counting CT.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used for biological research and applications. The in-vivo concentration of GNPs is usually low due to biological safety concerns, thus posing a challenge for imaging. This work investigates on optimal energy threshold selection in photon-counting detector(PCD)-based CT (PCCT) for the quantification of low-concentration GNPs.