Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Pain Resilience Scale among Lebanese Adults with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.

Background: The Pain Resilience Scale (PRS), which measures behavioral perseverance and the ability to regulate emotions and cognition despite ongoing pain, lacks an Arabic version.

Objectives: This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate an Arabic version of the Pain Resilience Scale (PRS-A) among Lebanese adults.

Methods: Phase 1 involved translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PRS into Arabic.

Effects of Real-World Versus Virtual Environments on Joint Excursions in Full-Body Reaching Tasks.

Starting from an upright standing posture and reaching for a target that requires some forward bending of the trunk can involve many different configurations of the trunk and limb segments. We sought to determine if configurations of the limb and trunk segments during our standardized full-body reaching tasks were influenced by the visual environment. This paper examined movement patterns of healthy participants ([Formula: see text], eight female and nine male) performing full body reaching tasks to: 1) real-world targets; 2) virtual targets presented on a 3-D television; and 3) virtual targets presented using a head-mounted display.