Effective School Leadership for Supporting Students' Mental Health: Findings from a Narrative Literature Review.

There is a compelling literature base in the field of education that highlights how school leaders are crucial to improving academic processes and outcomes, including instruction and raising student achievement. Research has also demonstrated that effective school leaders exhibit behaviors aligned with promoting the core issues of teaching, learning, and school improvement. Less well-known is what science says about the effectiveness of professional development and leadership preparation programs for developing the competencies needed for addressing the diverse mental health needs of students.

University STEM Students' Perceived Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. STEM students experienced unique challenges because many had traditional lectures and hands-on learning in laboratories or field settings. This qualitative study aimed to explore STEM university students' experiences and difficulties perceived during the pandemic.

Psychological Distress and Online Academic Difficulties: Development and Validation of Scale to Measure Students' Mental Health Problems in Online Learning.

In the present study, a short instrument (eight-item self-report, five-point Likert scales) was developed and validated to assess self-perceived mental health problems in online learning. The participants were 398 Romanian university students from nine different faculties. The factor structure of the scale was assessed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (Principal Axis Factoring extraction method) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Causal Relationships Between the Use of AI, Therapeutic Alliance, and Job Engagement Among Psychological Service Practitioners.

Despite the significant increase in studies on AI applications in many aspects of life, its applications in mental health services still require further studies. This study aimed to test a proposed structural model of the relationships between AI use, therapeutic alliance, and job engagement by PLS-SEM. The descriptive method was applied.

The Effects of Confiding on Shift Work Nurses' Emotion Regulation and Self-Perceived Well-Being: An Online Randomized Controlled Trial.

Shift work nurses suffered great stress and emotion dysregulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpersonal emotion regulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, often facilitated through confiding. It has been suggested that medical staff benefit from confiding, with the act of reflecting on the social support gained from confiding being associated with higher well-being.

Can Jurors Disregard Inadmissible Evidence? Using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy to Test Interventions Derived from Cognitive and Social Psychological Theories.

Inadmissible evidence generally biases jurors toward guilty verdicts; jurors who hear inadmissible evidence are more likely to convict than jurors not exposed to inadmissible evidence-even when evidence is constant. When inadmissible evidence is introduced, the common legal remedy is judicial instructions to jurors to disregard it. Appeals courts repeatedly affirm instructions to disregard as a sufficient safeguard of defendants' constitutional rights, despite research finding that jurors do not disregard when instructed.

How Does Procedural Justice Affect Job Crafting? The Role of Organizational Psychological Ownership and High-Performance Work Systems.

In today's highly competitive and complex market environment, enhancing adaptability has become essential for the sustainable development of enterprises. Job crafting, an important strategy for strengthening a company's core competitiveness, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. However, previous studies have often overlooked its antecedent variables and mechanisms.

The Representation of Orientation Semantics in Visual Sensory Memory.

Visual sensory memory constructs representations of the physical information of visual objects. However, few studies have investigated whether abstract information, such as semantic information, is also involved in these representations. This study utilized a masking technique combined with the partial report paradigm to examine whether visual sensory memory representation contains semantic information.

Acceptability of Overground Wearable Powered Exoskeletons for People with Spinal Cord Injury: A Multicenter Qualitative Study.

Exoskeletons are used in rehabilitation centers for people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) due to the potential benefits they offer for locomotor rehabilitation. The acceptability of exoskeletons is crucial to promote rehabilitation and to ensure a successful implementation of this technology. The objective was to explore the acceptability of overground wearable powered exoskeleton used in rehabilitation among people with SCI.

A Resource-Efficient Multi-Entropy Fusion Method and Its Application for EEG-Based Emotion Recognition.

Emotion recognition is an advanced technology for understanding human behavior and psychological states, with extensive applications for mental health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and affective computing. Based on electroencephalography (EEG), the biomedical signals naturally generated by the brain, this work proposes a resource-efficient multi-entropy fusion method for classifying emotional states. First, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is applied to extract five brain rhythms, i.

Cannabidiol Modulates Neuroinflammatory and Estrogen-Related Pathways in a Sex-Specific Manner in a Chronic Stress Model of Depression.

Evidence indicates a bidirectional link between depressive symptoms and neuroinflammation. This study evaluated chronic cannabidiol (CBD) treatment effects in male and female rats subjected to the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model of depression. We analyzed the gene expression related to neuroinflammation, cannabinoid signaling, estrogen receptors, and specific microRNAs in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), CA1, and ventral subiculum (VS).

Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Psychological Dysfunction After Brain Injuries.

Despite the presentation of similar psychological symptoms, psychological dysfunction secondary to brain injury exhibits markedly lower treatment efficacy compared to injury-independent psychological dysfunction. This gap remains evident, despite extensive research efforts. This review integrates clinical and preclinical evidence to provide a comprehensive overview of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying neuropsychological disorders, focusing on the role of key brain regions in emotional regulation across various forms of brain injuries.

Exploring the Dimensions of Perfectionism in Adolescence: A Multi-Method Study on Mental Health and CBT-Based Psychoeducation.

Background: Perfectionism in adolescents can have both adaptive and maladaptive forms, with implications for mental health and school performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among perfectionism, mental health factors, and emotional regulation in adolescents and to evaluate the efficacy of psychoeducational interventions.

Methods: Two studies were conducted: (1) A cross-sectional study ( = 261) examined the correlations among perfectionism, mental health factors, and emotional regulation.

Relationship Between Sedentary Lifestyle, Physical Activity and Stress in University Students and Their Life Habits: A Scoping Review with PRISMA Checklist (PRISMA-ScR).

Unlabelled: The global prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and the associated health risks, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and mental issues, is an epidemic worldwide problem, particularly in the university population.

Background/objectives: University students are particularly vulnerable because of academic pressure and lifestyle changes. Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity in reducing mental stress and improving physical and mental well-being, the literature lacks effective interventions and standardized protocols for this population.

Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.

: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by cardinal motor features and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. Among them, cognitive impairment in PD has been recognised as a defined clinical entity, and it might lead to an increased risk of developing dementia. Consequently, the present review aimed to ascertain the available interventions for the training of cognitive abilities in persons with PD (PwPD).

The Impact of Acute Aerobic Exercise on General and Food-Related Inhibitory Function Among Young Adults with Obesity: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study.

: Obesity presents a significant global public health challenge and is associated with declines in both general and food-related inhibitory control, crucial for maintaining a healthy weight and preventing obesity progression. An increasing body of research suggests that acute aerobic exercise may improve inhibitory function. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of acute aerobic exercise on both general and food-related inhibition in obese adults remain unclear.

Examining Specific Theory-of-Mind Aspects in Amnestic and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Their Relationships with Sleep Duration and Cognitive Planning.

The study examined the relationships between specific Theory-of-Mind (ToM) dimensions, cognitive planning, and sleep duration in aging adults. The sample included 179 participants, comprising 46 cognitively healthy individuals, 75 diagnosed with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), and 58 with non-amnestic (naMCI). The mean age of the participants was 70.

Assessment of Developmental Prosopagnosia in an Individual with Tourette Syndrome and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Report.

Background/objectives: Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize people by their faces. Developmental prosopagnosia is the hereditary or congenital variant of the condition. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the assessment of developmental prosopagnosia in a clinical context, using a combination of commercially available clinical assessment tools and experimental tools described in the research literature.

The Neurodevelopmental Dynamics of Multilingual Experience During Childhood: A Longitudinal Behavioral, Structural, and Functional MRI Study.

Background/objectives: A neurobiological framework of bi- or multilingual neurocognitive development must consider the following: (i) longitudinal behavioral and neural measures; (ii) brain developmental constraints across structure and function; and (iii) the development of global multilingual competence in a homogeneous social environment. In this study, we investigated whether multilingual competence yields early changes in executive attention control mechanisms and their underlying neural structures in the frontal-striatal system, such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplemental area and the left caudate.

Methods: We employed longitudinal neuroimaging and functional connectivity methods in a small group of multilingual children over two years.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists' Experience on Relevance of Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Training and Clinical Practice: A Survey Study from Italy.

Background/objectives: Based on previous data reporting the status of health professionals' training about sleep clinical psychophysiology, insomnia, and its treatment in the US and Canada, this paper aims at providing a snapshot of the Italian situation, considering health professionals qualified to offer cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Adding information on different countries is important, as national health systems differ significantly, and distinct evidence-based pathways for change may be proposed.

Methods: Two hundred and thirteen CBT professionals (180 females; 33 males) answered a 5 min survey about their training and experience in recognizing and treating behavioral sleep disorders in their practice.

Neuroanatomical and Neurocognitive Differences Between the Executive Functions in Child Sexual Offenders: A Systematic Review.

Background/objectives: Studies on executive functions in child sex offenders relate their findings to the presence of pedophilia, but they are not able to distinguish between paraphilia and abuse. It is therefore this lack of a distinction that leads us to complement the existing information. Thus, the purpose of this review is to find all available evidence on the neurocognitive and neuroanatomical differences in executive functions among pedophilic and non-pedophilic child sex offenders, and non-offender pedophiles.

Syllable as a Synchronization Mechanism That Makes Human Speech Possible.

Speech is a highly skilled motor activity that shares a core problem with other motor skills: how to reduce the massive degrees of freedom (DOF) to the extent that the central nervous control and learning of complex motor movements become possible. It is hypothesized in this paper that a key solution to the DOF problem is to eliminate most of the temporal degrees of freedom by synchronizing concurrent movements, and that this is performed in speech through the syllable-a mechanism that synchronizes consonantal, vocalic, and laryngeal gestures. Under this hypothesis, syllable articulation is enabled by three basic mechanisms: target approximation, edge-synchronization, and tactile anchoring.

Elusive Gains of Cognitive Training: Limited Effects on Neural Activity Across Sessions.

Background/objectives: Cognitive training paradigms rely on the idea that consistent practice can drive neural plasticity, improving not only connectivity within critical brain networks, but also ultimately result in overall enhancement of trained cognitive functions, irrespective of the specific task. Here we opted to investigate the temporal dynamics of neural activity and cognitive performance during a structured cognitive training program.

Methods: A group of 20 middle-aged participants completed 20 training sessions over 10 weeks.

Non-Linear Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Spatial Working Memory: Cognitive Depletion and Neural Compensation.

Background: Spatial working memory is crucial for processing visual and spatial information, serving as a foundation for complex cognitive tasks. However, the effects of prolonged sleep deprivation on its dynamics and underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the specific trends and neural mechanisms underlying spatial working memory alterations during 36 h of acute sleep deprivation.

The Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire Version 2.0 (SSSQ2) as a Screening Tool for Assessment of Hyperacusis, Misophonia and Noise Sensitivity: Factor Analysis, Validity, Reliability, and Minimum Detectable Change.

The Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire version 2 (SSSQ2) is a brief clinical tool with six items designed to be used (1) as a measure for severity of sound sensitivity symptoms in general (based on its total score) and (2) as a checklist to screen different forms of sound sensitivity. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the SSSQ2. This was a cross-sectional study.