Research Letter: Retrograde Amnesia and Posttraumatic Amnesia in Service Members and Veterans With Remote History of TBI.

Objective: The recently updated American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine diagnostic criteria for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) removed retrograde amnesia (RA) as a main criterion for mTBI, recommending it be included as a substitute criterion only when posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) cannot be reliably assessed. This study aimed to investigate the evidence base for this recommendation.

Setting: Military treatment facility.

Microdosing and standard-dosing take-home buprenorphine from the emergency department: A feasibility study.

Objective: Emergency department (ED)-initiated buprenorphine may prevent overdose. Microdosing is a novel approach that does not require withdrawal, which can be a barrier to standard inductions. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of an ED-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone program providing standard-dosing and microdosing take-home packages and of randomizing patients to either intervention.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Brain Infarcts and Associations With Cognitive Performance in Tenants of Marginal Housing.

Background Homeless and vulnerably housed individuals are at increased risk for multimorbidity compared with the general population. We assessed prevalence of brain infarcts on neuroimaging and associations with vascular risk factors and cognitive performance in a prospective study of residents living in marginal housing. Methods and Results Two hundred twenty-eight participants underwent structured clinical interviews, targeted clinical, laboratory, and neuropsychological assessments, and magnetic resonance imaging with T, T-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and susceptibility-weighted images.

The lateral prefrontal cortex and complex value-based learning and decision making.

Tremendous progress has been made in discerning the neurocognitive basis of value-based decision making and learning. Although the majority of studies to date have employed simple task paradigms, recent work has started to examine more complex aspects of value processing including: the value of engaging rule-based cognitive control; the integration of multiple pieces of information (e.g.

Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease: a model for local inflammatory reactions.

Over the past fifteen years, evidence has been accumulating that there is a chronic inflammatory reaction in areas of the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease. Chronic inflammation, which arises in reaction to an underlying pathology, represents a threat in its own right, wherever it may occur, and can in fact surpass primary affronts upon tissues. The brain, however, is particularly vulnerable because neurons are generally irreplaceable.

Reduction of H2O2-evoked, intracellular calcium increases in the rat N18-RE-105 neuronal cell line by pretreatment with an electrophilic antioxidant inducer.

Pretreatment of the neuronal cell line N18-RE-105 with the antioxidant enzyme inducer dimethyl fumarate (DMF) reduced cell death elicited by H2O2 (50 mM for 1 h) as measured 24 h after H2O2 washout. Oxidants like H2O2 may contribute to cell death by increasing intracellular ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i), suggesting that DMF may in part confer protection by altering H2O2-induced [Ca2+]i signals. To examine this possibility, we measured [Ca2+]i of fura-2-loaded cultures of DMF- and vehicle-pretreated cells during H2O2 superfusion.

Sexual activity increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of female rats.

In vivo microdialysis was used to monitor extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA), and its metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum of sexually active female rats during tests of locomotor activity, exposure to a novel chamber, exposure to sex odors, the presentation of a sexually active male rat, and copulation. DA increased slightly but significantly in the nucleus accumbens when a sexually active male was placed behind a wire-mesh screen, and further during copulation. DA also increased significantly in the dorsal striatum during copulation; however, the magnitude of this effect was significantly lower than that observed in the nucleus accumbens.