Endoscopic and microscopic video modules are effective for teaching middle ear anatomy.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of video modules in improving trainees' objective knowledge of middle ear anatomy and to compare the efficacy of using the endoscope to the microscope in video modules.

Methods: Medical students and residents were recruited. Two videos reviewing middle ear anatomy were developed.

High prevalence of syndromic hearing loss in Mexican children undergoing cochlear implantation.

Objective: Studies evaluating genetic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in Hispanic and Latino populations using genomic technologies are lacking. Recent data has shown that Hispanic and Latino children display lower genetic diagnostic rates despite similar prevalence rates of SNHL to their Asian and White counterparts, thus negatively affecting their clinical care. Our objective was to determine the genetic contribution to SNHL in a population of Mexican children undergoing evaluation for cochlear implantation.

Portrait of a Surgeon: Artificial Intelligence Reflections.

Text-to-image artificial intelligence (AI) programs are popular public-facing tools that generate novel images based on user prompts. Given that they are trained from Internet data, they may reflect societal biases, as has been shown for text-to-text large language model programs. We sought to investigate whether 3 common text-to-image AI systems recapitulated stereotypes held about surgeons and other health care professionals.

Competency-based medical education in the United States: What the otolaryngologist needs to know.

Competency-based medical education (CBME) is an outcomes-focused approach to educating medical professionals that will be central to future efforts to improve resident training in otolaryngology. The transition to CBME for otolaryngology in the United States will require the development of specialty-specific assessments and benchmarks, the financial and administrative support for implementation, the professional development of faculty and learners, and the cooperation of all major stakeholders in graduate medical education. In this article, we describe the need for evidence-based innovation in surgical training, the history of CBME in the United States, and the progress towards defining "entrustable professional activities" as the building blocks of assessments for CBME.

Utility of telemedicine in tracheostomy-dependent children.

Objectives: Telemedicine can improve access to pediatric otolaryngology care by decreasing travel time and cost, and lowering the risk of viral transmission during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to identify the clinical role and outcomes of telemedicine for tracheostomy-dependent children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of 42 tracheostomy-dependent pediatric patients who utilized telemedicine between October 2013 and April 2020 (pre-COVID-19), and 111 patients who utilized telemedicine between May 2020 and July 2021 (during COVID-19) at a tertiary free-standing children's hospital outpatient clinic.

Information scarcity among otolaryngology applicants: A review of the largest database of programs.

Objective: Otolaryngology residency applicants face challenges finding accurate information about training programs. Social media platforms are not verified, and official training program websites are not standardized. Currently, the American Medical Association's Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) is the most comprehensive sanctioned and verified otolaryngology residency program database.

Factors affecting operative autonomy and performance during otolaryngology training: A multicenter trial.

Objective: Surgical education is changing in an era of new regulations and evolving training cultures. We sought to understand the factors that affect operative experiences during otolaryngology residency.

Methods: From December 2019 to December 2020, five otolaryngology training programs used the SIMPL OR smartphone application to evaluate residents after each operation.

Are otolaryngology residents ready for independent practice? A survey study.

Objective: We surveyed otolaryngology program directors (PDs) and recent otolaryngology residency graduates on the operative autonomy of graduating residents and their comfort with independent practice.

Methods: An anonymous survey was sent to otolaryngology PDs and recent graduates of training programs (members of the Young Physicians Section [YPS] of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation). Questions were developed around the 14 key indicator procedures (KIPs) defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.

Comprehensive medical evaluation of pediatric bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

Children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) should undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation to determine the underlying etiology and help guide treatment and counseling. In this article, we review the indications and rationale for medical evaluation of pediatric bilateral SNHL, including history and physical examination, imaging, genetic testing, specialist referrals, cytomegalovirus (CMV) testing, and other laboratory tests. Workup begins with a history and physical examination, which can provide clues to the etiology of SNHL, particularly with syndromic causes.

Laryngeal complications of COVID-19.

Objective: To describe and visually depict laryngeal complications in patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection along with associated patient characteristics.

Study Design: Prospective patient series.

Setting: Tertiary laryngology care centers.

Topical fibroblast growth factor-2 for treatment of chronic tympanic membrane perforations.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in treating chronic nonhealing tympanic membrane (TM) perforations.

Method: Double-blinded, randomized placebo controlled phase 2 clinical trial for patients with chronic TM perforations of more than 3 months duration with a cross-over arm. Patients received either FGF-2 or placebo (sterile water) saturated gelatin sponge in the perforation after rimming the perforation under topical anesthesia.

Endoscopic management of lateral sphenoid cerebrospinal fluid leaks: Identifying a radiographic parameter for surgical planning.

Objective: Repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the lateral recess of the sphenoid (LRS) sinus can be challenging to accomplish via an endoscopic transphenoidal approach. The endoscopic transpterygoid approach can improve surgical access to the lateral recess but requires more extensive surgical dissection. We review our experience with LRS CSF leak repair via both techniques to determine whether preoperative radiologic data can help predict the most appropriate surgical approach.

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: A review.

Objectives: Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, and a respiratory reaction to aspirin and other cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors, also known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The objective of this review is to provide otolaryngologists with an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this under-recognized condition.

Data Sources And Methods: Foundational papers on AERD were reviewed, focusing on the clinical otolaryngology and allergy/immunology literature and other high impact journals or trials.