An overview of artificial intelligence based automated diagnosis in paediatric dentistry.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subfield of computer science with the goal of creating intelligent machines (1) Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence. In machine learning a datasets are used for training diagnostic algorithms. This review comprehensively explains the applications of AI in the diagnosis in paediatric dentistry.

Advancements in nanohydroxyapatite: synthesis, biomedical applications and composite developments.

Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) is distinguished by its exceptional biocompatibility, bioactivity and biodegradability, qualities attributed to its similarity to the mineral component of human bone. This review discusses the synthesis techniques of nHA, highlighting how these methods shape its physicochemical attributes and, in turn, its utility in biomedical applications. The versatility of nHA is further enhanced by doping with biologically significant ions like magnesium or zinc, which can improve its bioactivity and confer therapeutic properties.

Clinical-grade human dental pulp stem cells improve adult hippocampal neural regeneration and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease.

Disrupted hippocampal functions and progressive neuronal loss represent significant challenges in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How to achieve the improvement of pathological progression and effective neural regeneration to ameliorate the intracerebral dysfunctional environment and cognitive impairment is the goal of the current AD therapy. We examined the therapeutic potential of clinical-grade human derived dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in cognitive function and neuropathology in AD.

Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 impacts bone microarchitecture with aging in female mice.

Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 (DDR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to and is activated by collagen(s), including collagen type I. deletion in osteoblasts and chondrocytes has previously demonstrated the importance of this receptor in bone development. In this study, we examined the effect of DDR1 ablation on bone architecture and mechanics as a function of aging.

Evaluation and refinement of thresholds for early migration of total knee replacements as an estimator of late aseptic loosening: an updated systematic review of RSA and survival studies.

Background And Purpose:  This study updates 2 parallel systematic reviews and meta-analyses from 2012, which established the 1-year radiostereometric (RSA) migration thresholds for tibial components of total knee replacements (TKR) based on the risk of late revision for aseptic loosening from survival studies. The primary aim of this study was to determine the (mis)categorization rate of the 2012 thresholds using the updated review as a validation dataset. Secondary aims were evaluation of 6-month migration, mean continuous (1- to 2-year) migration, and fixation-specific thresholds for tibial component migration.

Valorization of crop by-products into bio-based dental materials: advancements and prospects.

The objective of this review is to deepen understanding and emphasize scientific and technological progress in the transformation of crop by-products into bio-based dental materials. Amid heightened environmental sustainability consciousness, various sectors including dentistry have achieved novel advancements by utilizing bio-based materials from crop by-products for dental restorations. This paper provides a thorough review of the extraction, processing, and application of natural polymers, biopolymers, and bio-based mixtures at both the macroscopic and nanoscopic scales, with a focus on their contextualization within dental practices.

Understanding the Interaction of Röntgen Radiation Employed in Computed Tomography/Cone Beam Computed Tomography Investigations of the Oral Cavity by Means of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Saliva.

The use of Raman spectroscopy, particularly surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), offers a powerful tool for analyzing biochemical changes in biofluids. This study aims to assess the modifications occurring in saliva collected from patients before and after exposure to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and computed tomography (CT) imaging. SERS analysis revealed significantly amplified spectra in post-imaging samples compared to pre-imaging samples, with pronounced intensification of thiocyanate and opiorphin bands, which, together with proteins, dominated the spectra.

Polymeric Materials Used in 3DP in Dentistry-Biocompatibility Testing Challenges.

In the latter part of the 20th century, remarkable developments in new dental materials and technologies were achieved. However, regarding the impact of dental resin-based materials 3D-printed on cellular responses, there have been a limited number of published studies recently. The biocompatibility of dental restorative materials is a controversial topic, especially when discussing modern manufacturing technologies.

Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties of Hypophosphatasia Primary Tooth.

Mild hypophosphatasia (HPP) can be difficult to distinguish from other bone disorders in the absence of typical symptoms such as the premature loss of primary teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and the three-dimensional structure of collagen in HPP teeth at the molecular level and to search for new biomarkers of HPP. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the molecular structure, composition, and mechanical properties of primary teeth from healthy individuals and patients with HPP.

Exploring the Broad Spectrum of Titanium-Niobium Implants and Hydroxyapatite Coatings-A Review.

Tooth loss replacement using dental implants is becoming more frequent. Traditional dental implant materials such as commercially pure titanium and titanium aluminum vanadium alloys have well-proven mechanical and biological properties. New titanium alloying metals such as niobium provide improved mechanical properties such as lower elastic modulus while displaying comparable or even better biocompatibility.

The Use of Nanosecond Pulsed Fibre Laser Treatment to Improve the Corrosion Resistance of 316L SS Utilised as Surgical Devices.

The nanosecond pulsed fibre laser (NsPFL) treatment is extensively employed to distinguish hospital surgical instruments (micro-surgical forceps, surgical blades, orthopaedic drills, and high-precision laparoscopic tools), which are generally composed of stainless steel. Nevertheless, if the laser parameters are not properly optimised, this process may unintentionally provoke corrosion. Maintaining the structural integrity of these materials is essential for ensuring patient safety and minimising long-term costs.

Fine-Tuned Expression of Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Molecules in the Notochord.

The notochord is an axial structure required for the development of all chordate embryos, from sea squirts to humans. Over the course of more than half a billion years of chordate evolution, in addition to its structural function, the notochord has acquired increasingly relevant patterning roles for its surrounding tissues. This process has involved the co-option of signaling pathways and the acquisition of novel molecular mechanisms responsible for the precise timing and modalities of their deployment.

Investigation of Oxidative-Stress Impact on Human Osteoblasts During Orthodontic Tooth Movement Using an In Vitro Tension Model.

In recent years, there has been a growing number of adult orthodontic patients with periodontal disease. The progression of periodontal disease is well-linked to oxidative stress (OS). Nevertheless, the impact of OS on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is not fully clarified.

Investigation of Impact of Oxidative Stress on Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Exposed to Static Compression.

Oxidative stress (OS) is a common feature of many inflammatory diseases, oral pathologies, and aging processes. The impact of OS on periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in relation to oral pathologies, including periodontal diseases, has been investigated in different studies. However, its impact on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) remains poorly understood.

Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Patients Aged 90 Years and Older with Proximal Femoral Fractures Undergoing Surgery: A Retrospective Study.

Proximal femoral fractures (PFFs) among individuals aged ≥90 years are becoming more common with an aging population and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study analyzed the prognostic factors influencing survival in nonagenarian patients undergoing surgery for PFFs. We enrolled 285 patients who underwent surgery between 2016 and 2022.

Comparison of Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed Ceramic and Titanium in Micropig Ankle Hemiarthroplasty.

Background: Ankle arthritis is a common degenerative disease that progresses as cartilage damage in the lower tibia and upper talus progresses, resulting in loss of joint function. In addition to typical arthritis, there is also structural bone loss in the talus due to diseases such as talar avascular necrosis. Total talus replacement surgery is the procedure of choice in end-stage ankle arthritis and consists of a tibial, talar component and an insert.

Deciphering the Liaison Between Fine Particulate Matter Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer: Where Are We Now?

Prostate cancer (PCa), a highly prevalent cancer in men worldwide, is projected to rise in the coming years. As emerging data indicate the carcinogenic effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in lung cancer and other site-specific cancers, there is an urgent need to evaluate the relationship between this environmental risk factor and PCa as a potential target for intervention.

Clinical and radiographic assessment of effect of platelet-rich fibrin on dental implant osseointegration - A split mouth randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: Biomimetic agents are being researched for their potential to stimulate bone formation and boost bone-implant contact. The objective of this study was to assess how osseointegration of dental implants is impacted by platelet-rich fibrin.

Materials And Methods: The present study was a randomized clinical trial with a split mouth design.

Tibial stem extension versus standard configuration in primary cemented total knee arthroplasty: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: In order to increase the stability of tibial component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), intramedullary stem extensions (SE) have been developed. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to address the critical knowledge gap on post-operative outcomes and complications rate comparison between tibial component with SE compared to the tibial component standard configuration (SC) in primary cemented TKA.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of online databases, including Pubmed, Embase, ISI Web of science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus, using the following MeSH terms, (total knee arthroplasty) OR (TKA) OR (total knee replacement) AND (Tibial stem) OR (stem extension) OR (long stem).

Normative Palatal Measurements in Infants: Implications for Nasoalveolar Molding in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

Background: Children with cleft lip ± palate (CL/P) may undergo nasoalveolar molding (NAM) before surgery to achieve arch alignment and tension-free closure, yet the endpoint of arch dimensions has not been defined.

Objective: To characterize the size and shape of infant palates using anatomic landmarks on magnetic resonance imaging in infants without CL/P.

Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging of infants without cleft palate younger than 3 months were reviewed and 13 measurements were taken to define palatal shape: distance between incisive foramen (IF) and incisors (IN), IF and middle of canines (MOC), between MOCs, between first molars (FM), 2 depth and 4 angle measurements.

Association of Gingival Thickness With Incisor Morphological Characteristics and Papilla Height: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine possible associations between gingival thickness and other parameters, such as crown length and width, papilla height and patient's age and gender.

Overview: This cross-sectional study included 238 consecutive white Caucasian consecutive patients in all stages of orthodontic treatment (before, in-course, and after orthodontic treatment). Measurements of gingival thickness were carried out at both central mandibular incisors, mid-facially on the buccal aspect of each tooth, and 2 mm apically to the free gingival margin, with an Ultrasound device.

What Are the Trends in Women's Representation Among Principal Investigators of US Clinical Trials in the Field of Genetics?

Introduction: Despite progress in the representation of women in the medical profession, substantial gender disparities persist in leadership roles, particularly in clinical trials. Clinical trials are crucial to evidence-based medicine, offering visibility, career advancement, and future funding opportunities for principal investigators (PIs). However, women remain underrepresented in these roles, especially in genetics.

Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Naproxen During Dental Implant Osseointegration.

Objectives: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often prescribed following the placement of dental implants, but the effects of these drugs on the osseointegration process are poorly understood. We designed a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study to quantitatively assess the effect of NSAIDs during early implant osseointegration.

Materials And Methods: Subjects receiving a maxillary dental implant were randomized to take naproxen or placebo for 7 days after the surgery.

Barriers and facilitators for female practitioners in orthopaedic training and practice: a scoping review.

Background: Despite advances in medical education and professional opportunities, orthopaedic surgery remains the least gender-diverse medical specialty, with women significantly underrepresented globally. This scoping review aims to synthesize existing literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the barriers and facilitators encountered by females in orthopaedic surgery training and practice.

Methods: A comprehensive search of Medline (OVID), Scopus, Embase, Emcare, and CINAHL was performed from inception to 14 July 2024.

Early noninvasive ventilation in general wards for acute respiratory failure: an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised trial.

Background: The impact of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) managed outside the intensive care unit in patients with early acute respiratory failure remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether adding early NIV prevents the progression to severe respiratory failure.

Methods: In this multinational, randomised, open-label controlled trial, adults with mild acute respiratory failure (arterial oxygen partial pressure/fraction of inspiratory oxygen [Pao/FiO] ratio ≥200) were enrolled across 11 hospitals in Italy, Greece, and Kazakhstan.