Complementary cognitive roles for D2-MSNs and D1-MSNs during interval timing.

The role of striatal pathways in cognitive processing is unclear. We studied dorsomedial striatal cognitive processing during interval timing, an elementary cognitive task that requires mice to estimate intervals of several seconds and involves working memory for temporal rules as well as attention to the passage of time. We harnessed optogenetic tagging to record from striatal D2-dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) in the indirect pathway and from D1-dopamine receptor-expressing MSNs (D1-MSNs) in the direct pathway.

A Menu for Microbes: Unraveling Appetite Regulation and Weight Dynamics Through the Microbiota-Brain Connection Across the Lifespan.

Appetite, as the internal drive for food intake, is often dysregulated in a broad spectrum of conditions associated with over- and under-nutrition across the lifespan. Appetite regulation is a complex, integrative process comprising psychological and behavioral events, peripheral and metabolic inputs, and central neurotransmitter and metabolic interactions. The microbiota-gut-brain axis has emerged as a critical mediator of multiple physiological processes, including energy metabolism, brain function, and behavior.

The history of biomarkers in psychiatry: lessons learned, lessons forgotten, lessons rediscovered.

A quirky truth is that the oldest biomarker findings are largely metabolic. These had minimal impact on contemporary thought and research and were largely ignored. They have been rediscovered and validated almost 100 years later, informing our understanding of neurobiology and medical comorbidity and spurring contemporary treatment discovery efforts.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Kannada Version of the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS-Kn) Among Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) Survivors in a Tertiary Care Setup in India.

Background: Adherence in rehabilitation services includes attending appointments, regularly performing prescribed exercises, and correct exercise execution. The Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS) has been adapted into several languages, but there is lack of a standardized tool for various Indian languages and cultural contexts, particularly for use with cancer survivors. With the anticipated 57.

Positive mental health in nursing training: Are Moroccan nursing and health technician students flourished?

Background: Psychological flourishing is a component of positive mental health that characterizes the lives of nursing and health technology students, despite the stressful situations they experience during this training. The objective of this study is to evaluate psychological flourishing and to put the thumb on its importance in the training of nursing and health technique students.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted at the two higher institutes of nursing and health technical professions in Fez and Rabat between 1 March and 30 March 2022, using a questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics, training characteristics, a perceived stress scale (PSS10) and a psychological flourishing scale.

FOXJ3, a novel tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma (NB) poses a significant challenge in pediatric cancer care due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. While advances have been made in clinical treatments, therapy resistance remains a tough hurdle in NB treatment. While much research has focused on identifying oncogenes in NB, there has been less emphasis on understanding tumor suppressors.

Mice deficient in TWIK-1 are more susceptible to kainic acid-induced seizures.

TWIK-1 belongs to the two-pore domain K (K2P) channel family, which plays an essential role in the background K conductance of cells. Despite the development of exon 2-deleted knockout (KO) mice, the physiological role of TWIK-1 has remained largely unknown. Here, we observed that the exon 2-deleted KO mice expressed an internally deleted TWIK-1 (TWIK-1 ΔEx2) protein, which unexpectedly acts as a functional K channel.

Ablation of PI3Kγ in neurons protects mice from diet-induced obesity MASLD and insulin resistance.

Mice with genetic ablation of PI3Kγ are protected from diet-induced obesity. However, the cell type responsible for PI3Kγ action in obesity remains unknown. We generated mice with conditional deletion of PI3Kγ in neurons using the nestin promoter to drive the expression of the Cre recombinase (PI3Kγ mice) and investigated their metabolic phenotype in a model of diet-induced obesity.

An antisense-long-noncoding-RNA modulates p75 expression levels during neuronal polarization.

Proper polarization of newly generated neurons is a critical process for neural network formation and brain development. The pan-neurotrophin p75 receptor plays a key role in this process localizing asymmetrically in one of the differentiating neurites and specifying its axonal identity in response to neurotrophins. During axonal specification, p75 levels are transiently modulated, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not known.

Zebrafish glial-vascular interactions progressively expand over the course of brain development.

Glial-vascular interactions are critical for the formation and maintenance of brain blood vessels and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mammals, but their role in the zebrafish BBB remains unclear. Using three glial gene promoters-, , and (a truncated )-we explored glial-vascular development in zebrafish. Sparse labeling showed fewer glial-vascular interactions at early stages, with glial coverage and contact area increasing with age.

Relationships of eating behaviors with psychopathology, brain maturation and genetic risk for obesity in an adolescent cohort study.

Unhealthy eating, a risk factor for eating disorders (EDs) and obesity, often coexists with emotional and behavioral problems; however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are poorly understood. Analyzing data from the longitudinal IMAGEN adolescent cohort, we investigated associations between eating behaviors, genetic predispositions for high body mass index (BMI) using polygenic scores (PGSs), and trajectories (ages 14-23 years) of ED-related psychopathology and brain maturation. Clustering analyses at age 23 years ( = 996) identified 3 eating groups: restrictive, emotional/uncontrolled and healthy eaters.

Cumulative blood pressure load and cognitive decline in older adults: An observational analysis of two large cohorts.

Introduction: Cumulative blood pressure metrics may provide greater precision for measuring temporal risk exposure, especially in later life where data are mixed regarding associations of high blood pressure (BP) on cognitive function. We examined the relationship between greater cumulative exposure to high BP in later life and several domains of cognitive function.

Methods: Individual cognitive assessment scores and BP measurements in older adults (age ≥70 years) at baseline and over approximately 8 years of follow-up were available in the population-based Canadian Victoria Longitudinal Study (VLS) and Swedish Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies (H70).

Repeat expansions in gene in refractory chronic cough.

Introduction: Refractory chronic cough (RCC), persisting despite addressing contributory diagnoses, is likely underpinned by neurally mediated cough hypersensitivity. disorders are genetic neurodegenerative conditions caused by biallelic repeat expansion sequences, commonly presenting with cough, followed by neurological features including cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). The prevalence and identifying clinical characteristics of repeat-expansion disorders in patients with RCC are unknown.

Cryogenic, but not hypothermic, preservation disrupts the extracellular matrix of cell sheets.

Cell sheet (CS)-based approaches hold significant potential for tissue regeneration, relying on the extracellular matrix (ECM) for success. Like in native tissues, the ECM provides structural and biochemical support for cellular homeostasis and function. Effective preservation strategies that maintain ECM integrity are critical to enhance the therapeutic potential of CS-based approaches.

Decreased neuronal excitability in hypertriglyceridemia hamsters with acute seizures.

Introduction: Neonatal seizures are the most common clinical manifestation of neurological dysfunction in newborns, with an incidence ranging from 1 to 5‰. However, the therapeutic efficacy of current pharmacological treatments remains suboptimal. This study aims to utilize genetically modified hamsters with hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) to investigate the effects of elevated triglycerides on neuronal excitability and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

An integrative review of the effects of high-intensity interval training on the autonomic nervous system.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has gained prominence as a time-efficient and effective exercise modality to improve cardiovascular (CV) fitness, metabolic health, and physical performance. Therefore, our aim was to synthesize current clinical research on the effects of HIIT on the Autonomic Nervous System. We conducted the search for studies in the Directory of Open Access Journals, Embase, Virtual Health Library, Pubmed, and Scielo databases, in January of 2024.

Continued changes to contact lens practice following adjustments made as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: This study aimed to explore behaviour of practitioners in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, analysing the factors that influenced their decisions to resume professional practice post-lockdown and intention to adhere to COVID-19 protective measures.

Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey targeting Italian practitioners was carried out to study the post lockdown behaviour and future intention to provide new contact lens (CL) fittings, and the use of protective measures. The survey also explored the dimensions of the Integrated Behavioural Model (IBM) and the Health Belief Model (HBM) to predict the intention to resume professional practice and to comply with protective measures respectively.

Advanced Restriction Imaging and Reconstruction Technology for Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ART-Pro): A Study Protocol for a Multicenter, Multinational Trial Evaluating Biparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Advanced, Quantitative Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Prostate Cancer.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is strongly recommended by current clinical guidelines for improved detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). However, the major limitations are the need for intravenous (IV) contrast and dependence on reader expertise. Efforts to address these issues include use of biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI) and advanced, quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques.

Use of pattern recognition in photoacoustic imaging to identify neuronal ensembles in the prefrontal cortex of rats undergoing conditioned fear learning.

Pattern recognition analysis in brain research has improved understanding of sensory processing and led to the identification of default brain networks in neuroimaging studies. The current study uses pattern recognition analysis to extend our previous findings showing conditioned fear learning and novelty-exposure (i.e.

Multimodal fluorescence-optoacoustic imaging of the near-infrared calcium ion indicator NIR-GECO2G.

Measuring whole-brain distributed functional activity is an important unmet need in neuroscience, requiring high temporal resolution and cellular specificity across large volumes. Functional optoacoustic neuro-tomography (FONT) with genetically encoded calcium ion indicators is a promising approach towards this goal. However, it has not yet been applied in the near-infrared (NIR) range that provides deep penetration and low vascular background optimal for neuroimaging.

Primary Literature for Teaching Neuroimmunology - An Instructor's Resource.

Supplementing textbooks with primary literature in teaching neuroscience is a growing practice associated with several positive outcomes, such as increased content knowledge, research and data skills, and critical thinking. This pedagogical approach, however, still needs further development to make it accessible to instructors and valuable to students. This article describes a series of published articles we used in an undergraduate neuroimmunology course.

Historical Depictions of the Brain: The Origins from the Non-Western World.

Any written work concerning the history of neuroanatomy would be difficult to imagine without acknowledging the pioneering works of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi. Cajal improved upon Golgi's staining technique at the turn of the 20th century. He implemented it to deliver the world's first incredibly detailed visualizations of cellular networks of the nervous system.