Risk Factors, Treatments, and Outcomes of Adults Aged <55 Years With Acute Ischemic Stroke With Undetermined Versus Determined Pathogenesis: A Nationwide Swiss Cohort Study.

Background: The rising prevalence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in young adults, particularly with undetermined pathogenesis, is a growing concern. This study assessed risk factors, treatments, and outcomes between young AIS patients with undetermined and determined pathogeneses.

Methods And Results: This was a retrospective cohort study including AIS patients aged 18 to 55 years in Switzerland, treated between 2014 and 2022.

Cardiac Findings Following Cerebrovascular Disease.

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that cardiac findings after stroke are an important, yet understudied, manifestation of brain-heart interactions. Our aim was to investigate and compare cardiac findings after different cerebrovascular events (acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and hemorrhagic stroke).

Methods And Results: There were 7113 patients screened who were treated between December 2013 and December 2020 at the University Hospital Zurich for ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and hemorrhagic stroke.

Gray matter gamma-hydroxy-butyric acid and glutamate reflect beta-amyloid burden at old age.

Unlabelled: Gamma-hydroxy-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are neurotransmitters with essential importance for cognitive processing. Here, we investigate relationships between GABA, glutamate, and brain ß-amyloid (Aß) burden before clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thirty cognitively healthy adults (age 69.

Bilateral Focused Ultrasound Pallidotomy for Parkinson-Related Facial Dyskinesia-A Case Report.

Background: For safety reasons, both magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHiFUS) thalamotomy and pallidotomy are currently approved exclusively for unilateral treatment, but axial symptoms like levodopa-induced orofacial dyskinesia require a bilateral approach.

Objectives: We report the first case of successful bilateral MRgHiFUS pallidotomy for peak-dose dyskinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: The treatment decision was based on the patient's reluctance toward brain implants and pump therapies and the fact that he had limited access to a deep brain stimulation center in his home country.

Iterative analysis of cerebrovascular reactivity dynamic response by temporal decomposition.

Objective: To improve quantitative cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) measurements and CO arrival times, we present an iterative analysis capable of decomposing different temporal components of the dynamic carbon dioxide- Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (CO -BOLD) relationship.

Experimental Design: Decomposition of the dynamic parameters included a redefinition of the voxel-wise CO arrival time, and a separation from the vascular response to a stepwise increase in CO (Delay to signal Plateau - DTP) and a decrease in CO (Delay to signal Baseline -DTB). Twenty-five (normal) datasets, obtained from BOLD MRI combined with a standardized pseudo-square wave CO change, were co-registered to generate reference atlases for the aforementioned dynamic processes to score the voxel-by-voxel deviation probability from normal range.

Immune and myodegenerative pathomechanisms in inclusion body myositis.

Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is a relatively common acquired inflammatory myopathy in patients above 50 years of age. Pathological hallmarks of IBM are intramyofiber protein inclusions and endomysial inflammation, indicating that both myodegenerative and inflammatory mechanisms contribute to its pathogenesis. Impaired protein degradation by the autophagic machinery, which regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, in skeletal muscle fibers has recently been identified as a potential key pathomechanism in IBM.

Prevalence of potential sports-associated risk factors in Swiss amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.

Objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been reported to occur with increased incidence amongst physically active people. The role of extrinsic risk factors as physical activity, head trauma and drug/pesticide-exposure in the pathophysiology of ALS and especially in the context of practising sports remains controversial.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively studied exposure to extrinsic factors in 92 ALS patients in the presymptomatic stage.

Structural and functional hyperconnectivity within the sensorimotor system in xenomelia.

Introduction: Xenomelia is a rare condition characterized by the persistent and compulsive desire for the amputation of one or more physically healthy limbs. We highlight the neurological underpinnings of xenomelia by assessing structural and functional connectivity by means of whole-brain connectome and network analyses of regions previously implicated in empirical research in this condition.

Methods: We compared structural and functional connectivity between 13 xenomelic men with matched controls using diffusion tensor imaging combined with fiber tractography and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Unravelling Stimulus Direction Dependency of Visual Acuity in Larval Zebrafish by Consistent Eye Displacements Upon Optokinetic Stimulation.

Purpose: Impairment of visual acuity (VA) can be seen early on in various diseases and has a major impact on patients' daily activities. Zebrafish is an important model for studying visual disorders. We developed a new method in zebrafish larva to easily and precisely measure the VA, which should allow for better estimation of affected vision such as after genetic manipulation or pharmacologic intervention.

Mechanisms of immune escape in central nervous system infection with neurotropic JC virus variant.

Objective: Symptomatic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) with JC polyomavirus (JCV) usually occur as a result of immunocompromise and manifest as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) or granule cell neuronopathy (GCN). After immune reconstitution, some of these cases may show long-term persistence of JCV and delayed clinical improvement despite inflammation.

Methods: We followed 4 patients with multiple sclerosis, who developed natalizumab-associated PML or GCN with regard to JC viral load and JCV-specific T-cell responses in the CNS.