Patient Frailty Is Independently Associated With the Risk of Hospitalization for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure.

There is significant interest in identifying risk factors associated with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). In transplant candidates, frailty predicts wait-list mortality and posttransplant outcomes. However, the impact of frailty on ACLF development and mortality is unknown.

Biologic and Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Liver Injury: A Systematic Literature Review.

Biologics are among the most commonly prescribed medications for several chronic inflammatory diseases. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, more so than other agents, have been observed to cause drug-induced liver injury. Additionally, because the approval and popularity of checkpoint inhibitors have grown, similar patterns of liver injury have been documented, with a majority of cases describing immune-mediated hepatitis.

Looking Into the Crystal Ball: Predicting the Future Challenges of Fibrotic NASH Treatment.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide, and its aggressive form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a leading cause for end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation in the United States. In patients with NASH, the presence of advanced fibrosis is considered the most important prognostic factor in predicting liver-related morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, there are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications to treat patients with NASH-induced advanced fibrosis.

Drug-induced cholestasis.

Cholestatic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be a diagnostic challenge due to a large differential diagnosis, variability in clinical presentation, and lack of serologic biomarkers associated with this condition. The clinical presentation of drug-induced cholestasis includes bland cholestasis, cholestatic hepatitis, secondary sclerosing cholangitis, and vanishing bile duct syndrome. The associate mortality of cholestatic DILI can be as high as 10%, and thus prompt recognition and removal of the offending agent is of critical importance.