A Pooled Analysis of Serum Phosphate Measurements and Potential Hypophosphataemia Events in 45 Interventional Trials with Ferric Carboxymaltose.

Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been shown to achieve rapid replenishment of iron stores and correction of anaemia in various populations with iron deficiency. A decrease in serum phosphate (PO) levels, which in most cases is asymptomatic, has been reported with IV iron preparations. Hypophosphataemia (HP) is a known adverse drug reaction with FCM.

Clinical guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease: Update of a French national consensus.

Background: New treatments and therapeutic approaches repeatedly emerged in the field of inflammatory bowel disease.

Aim: to update the French treatment algorithms for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: A formal consensus method was used to determine changes to the treatment algorithms for various situations of CD and UC.

Effect of Formulation Variables on the Stability of a Live, Rotavirus (RV3-BB) Vaccine Candidate using in vitro Gastric Digestion Models to Mimic Oral Delivery.

In this work, two different in vitro gastric digestion models were used to evaluate the stability of a live attenuated rotavirus vaccine candidate (RV3-BB) under conditions designed to mimic oral delivery in infants. First, a forced-degradation model was established at low pH to assess the buffering capacity of formulation excipients and to screen for RV3-BB stabilizers. Second, a sequential-addition model was implemented to examine RV3-BB stability under conditions more representative of oral administration to infants.

Cobitolimod for moderate-to-severe, left-sided ulcerative colitis (CONDUCT): a phase 2b randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging induction trial.

Background: Cobitolimod is a topically administered, DNA-based oligonucleotide that activates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and previous research has shown clinical efficacy in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Here we assessed the efficacy and safety of different dose regimens of cobitolimod for induction therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe, left-sided ulcerative colitis.

Methods: CONDUCT was a randomised, double-blind, five-arm, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b study that recruited patients with moderate-to-severe, left-sided ulcerative colitis, with inadequate response to conventional or biological therapies, from 91 hospitals or outpatient clinics in 12 European countries.

Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids and colorectal cancer risk.

An adequate intake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) is required for protein synthesis and metabolic functions, including insulin metabolism. Emerging studies found positive associations between BCAA and the risk of various diseases sharing aetiological aspects with colorectal cancer (CRC), including type 2 diabetes, obesity and pancreatic cancer. We investigated the relation between dietary BCAA and CRC using data from a multicentric Italian case-control study, including 1953 cases of CRC (of these, 442 of sigmoid colon) and 4154 hospital controls with acute, non-neoplastic diseases.

H-type congenital tracheoesophageal fistula: Insights from 70 years of The Royal Children's Hospital experience.

Background: The long-term outcomes of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF), an uncommon variant of esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (OA/TOF), are rarely described in the literature. We reviewed our institutional experience of 70 years.

Methods: The Nate Myers Oesophageal Atresia Database was queried for patients with an H-type TOF (1948-2017).

Chronic diarrhoea in children: A practical algorithm-based approach.

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Most diarrhoeal episodes are acute and infectious in origin. Diarrhoea lasting for longer than 4 weeks with no discernible infectious aetiology warrants thorough evaluation.

Rotavirus Disease and Genotype Diversity in Older Children and Adults in Australia.

Background: Rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age. The disease burden in older children, adults, and the elderly is underappreciated. This study describes rotavirus disease and genotypic diversity in the Australian population comprising children ≥5 years of age and adults.

Moderate endurance and muscle training is beneficial and safe in patients with quiescent or mildly active Crohn's disease.

Background And Aims: Physical activity is beneficial in several chronic disorders including Crohn's disease, but the preferred type of exercise is unknown. Our study aimed to examine and compare the safety, feasibility and potential beneficial effects of individual moderate endurance and moderate muscle training in patients with Crohn's disease.

Methods: Quiescent or mildly active (Crohn's disease activity index <220) patients with Crohn's disease were randomly allocated to either a control, endurance, or muscle training group.

Polyethylene Glycol Dosing for Constipation in Children Younger Than 24 Months: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: Evaluate safety and effectiveness of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) for chronic constipation in children aged younger than 24 months. Identify the optimum dose of PEG to manage chronic constipation in children aged younger than 24 months.

Methods: In this systematic review, Embase, Medline Ovid, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Library were searched between January 1, 2000 and February 1, 2019.

Variation of faecal calprotectin level within the first three months after bowel resection is predictive of endoscopic postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease.

Background: Early prediction of postoperative recurrence (POR) remains a major concern in Crohn's disease (CD).

Aims: To assess serial faecal calprotectin (Fcal) monitoring within the first three months to predict CD endoscopic POR.

Methods: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, CD patients received azathioprine 2.

Silencing MYH9 blocks HBx-induced GSK3β ubiquitination and degradation to inhibit tumor stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma.

MYH9 has dual functions in tumors. However, its role in inducing tumor stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not yet determined. Here, we found that MYH9 is an effective promoter of tumor stemness that facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis.

The burden of esophageal dilatations following repair of esophageal atresia.

Aim: To describe the burden of esophageal dilatations in patients following esophageal atresia (EA) repair.

Method: A retrospective review was performed at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, of all neonates undergoing operative repair for EA over a 17-year period (1999-2015). Stricture was defined by radiological and/or intra-operative findings of narrowing at the esophageal anastomosis.

Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Recommendations and the Risk of Breast Cancer.

The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) introduced in 2007, and updated in 2018, nutrition-related recommendations for cancer prevention. Previous studies generally reported inverse associations of breast cancer with the 2007 recommendations, while no study has yet evaluated the association with the 2018 guidelines. We investigated the association between adherence to the 2018 WCRF/AICR recommendations and breast cancer risk in a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland (1991-2008) including 3034 incident histologically-confirmed breast cancer cases and 3392 hospital controls.

Vitamin B6 inhibits macrophage activation to prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pneumonia in mice.

Macrophage activation participates in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation. As a coenzyme, vitamin B6 (VitB6) is mainly involved in the metabolism of amino acids, nucleic acids, glycogen and lipids. We have previously reported that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) produces anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo.

Nutritional challenges in children with primary immunodeficiencies undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Nutritional profile and management of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) has not been described in the literature. We aim to report the nutritional challenges and practices peculiar to this population before and after HSCT and suggest clinical pathways for their management. We conducted a single-centre retrospective study.

Maintenance of Remission Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease After Vedolizumab Discontinuation: A Multicentre Cohort Study.

Background And Aim: It is unclear whether vedolizumab therapy can be discontinued in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] after achieving steroid-free clinical remission. The aim was to assess the risk of relapse after vedolizumab therapy was discontinued.

Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, collecting data from 21 tertiary centres affiliated with the GETAID from January 2017 to April 2019.

Paediatric bladder dysfunction: A single centre experience of public hospital wait times.

Aim: Paediatric bladder dysfunction, including daytime urinary incontinence and enuresis, is a common and distressing condition. Unfortunately, children with these symptoms are often on waitlists for several months. This treatment delay may significantly impact upon the child and family unit.

Recent insights into trace element deficiencies: causes, recognition and correction.

Purpose Of Review: Trace elements are vital components involved in major body functions. Cases of trace elements deficiencies are increasingly encountered in clinical practice, although often underrecognized. This review gives a thorough insight into the newest findings on clinical situations associated with trace elements deficiencies in children and adults, their recognition and management.

Analysis of the in vitro replication phenotype of African hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes present in Australia identifies marked differences in DNA and protein expression.

Hepatitis B virus infection in Africa is characterised by distinct genotypes with observed differences in natural history and clinical outcomes. Replication-competent cDNA clones of African genotypes were generated from patient-derived sequences identified in African children with chronic hepatitis B infection living in Australia: A1 (wild-type and basal core promotor (BCP) mutant), D2, D6, and E, comparing the replication phenotype to an established D3 cDNA clone in a transient transfection cell culture model. All clones replicated efficiently although less than the European D3 reference clone, and demonstrated marked differences in replication capacity, highest for subgenotypes A1 and D2.

Variation of Gut Mucosal Microbiome With Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibody Status in Pediatric Crohn Disease.

Objectives: Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic relapsing condition possibly caused by a dysbiotic microbiome. Approximately 30% to 60% of patients with CD have anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA), but any association with gut microbiota is unexplored. We hypothesized that ASCA positivity would predict a signature microbial status and clinical phenotype.

Human Neonatal Rotavirus Vaccine (RV3-BB) Produces Vaccine Take Irrespective of Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status.

Background: VP4 [P] genotype binding specificities of rotaviruses and differential expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) between populations may contribute to reduced efficacy against severe rotavirus disease. P[6]-based rotavirus vaccines could broaden protection in such settings, particularly in Africa, where the Lewis-negative phenotype and P[6] rotavirus strains are common.

Methods: The association between HBGA status and G3P[6] rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) take was investigated in a phase 2A study of RV3-BB vaccine involving 46 individuals in Dunedin, New Zealand, during 2012-2014.

Normal Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Levels at Presentation Predict Poor Outcome in Biliary Atresia.

Objectives: Gamma-glutamyl transferase levels (GGT) are typically elevated in biliary atresia (BA), but normal GGT levels have been observed. This cohort of "normal GGT" BA has neither been described nor has the prognostic value of GGT level on outcomes in BA. We aimed to describe outcomes of a single-centre Australian cohort of infants with BA and assess the impact of GGT level at presentation on outcomes in BA.