Metastatic brain tumors: from development to cutting-edge treatment.

Metastatic brain tumors, also called brain metastasis (BM), represent a challenging complication of advanced tumors. Tumors that commonly metastasize to the brain include lung cancer and breast cancer. In recent years, the prognosis for BM patients has improved, and significant advancements have been made in both clinical and preclinical research.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 controls melanoma metastasis and vulnerability to ferroptosis through targeting SIRT1/PTEN/PI3K signaling.

Metastasis is a major contributing factor that affects the prognosis of melanoma patients. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in melanoma metastasis are not yet entirely understood. Here, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) as a pro-oncogenic protein in melanoma through screening the survival profiles of 52 ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs).

TRAF6 regulates autophagy and apoptosis of melanoma cells through c-Jun/ATG16L2 signaling pathway.

Autophagy and apoptosis are essential processes that participate in cell death and maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of these biological processes results in the development of diseases, including cancers. Therefore, targeting the interaction between apoptosis and autophagy offers a potential strategy for cancer therapy.